钙在体内是如何分布的

钙在人体中是无处不在的,其中99％钙以骨盐（羟磷灰石结晶）形式存在于骨骼和牙齿的釉质中,只有1％左右的钙分布于各种软组织和体液中。据测算,以体质量70kg的成年人为例,其骨骼钙含量为1300g,占钙总量的98．8％;牙齿含钙量约为7g,占钙总量的0．53％;细胞外液钙含量约1g,仅占体内总钙量的0．07％;软组织含钙量约7g,占钙总量的0．53％;血浆中钙含量为0．35g,占体内总钙量的0．02％。     

钙在体内是如何分布的

钙在人体中是无处不在的,其中99％钙以骨盐（羟磷灰石结晶）形式存在于骨骼和牙齿的釉质中,只有1％左右的钙分布于各种软组织和体液中。据测算,以体质量70kg的成年人为例,其骨骼钙含量为1300g,占钙总量的98．8％;牙齿含钙量约为7g,占钙总量的0．53％;细胞外液钙含量约1g,仅占体内总钙量的0．07％;软组织含钙量约7g,占钙总量的0．53％;血浆中钙含量为0．35g,占体内总钙量的0．02％。     

人体内的氟

成年人体内氟约为２－９ｇ，比锌略多，仅次于硅和铁。人体内的氟含量由于受铝、钙、镁等元素的影响而有所波动。但是，从满足人体对氟的需要到由于过多而导致中毒的量之间相差不多。因此，氟对人体的安全范围比其他元素要窄得多。正因为这样，就更要注意自然界、饮水及食物中氟含量对人体健康的影响，尤其是工业排放的氟对环境的污染给人带来的危害。氟的生理需要量为０－５～１ｍｇ／ｄ。氟在人体中的分布主要集中在骨骼、牙齿、指甲和毛发中，尤以牙釉质中含量最多，骨骼中以长骨的含氟量最多。依次为股骨＞肱骨＞掌骨＞颅骨＞腰椎。男人…     

骨和齿的基础——钙

钙是人体必需的常量元素 ,而且是体内含量最多的金属元素。成年人体内的钙量约占人体总重量的2 % ,也就是说 ,体重 70ｋｇ的成年人体内大约有 140 0ｇ钙。体内所有其它金属元素的重量加起来还没有钙多。钙的来源广泛 ,人的肾对钙又有再吸收的功能 ,骨骼还可以储备钙 ,似乎人体不太会缺钙。事实上 ,常有缺钙的患者 ,主要原因是食物中所含的钙 ,多以脂肪酸钙、草酸钙、植酸钙、磷酸钙等形式存在 ,它们很难溶于水 ,因此不容易被人体吸收。高蛋白食物中只有 15%的钙可被人体吸收 ,低蛋白食物中的钙更难被人体吸收 ,仅 5%可被吸收。菠菜中的草酸…     

氟元素与人体健康

氟元素是人体必需微量元素，在人体内主要分布于骨骼和牙齿中。氟通过各种途径对人体发生作用。人体内少量的氟对于生长发育，骨骼代谢等有一定的影响，而含氟量过量或过少会引起某些疾病，并且氟的特性对于人体健康也有影响。     

哪些是人体必需元素?

人体必需元素,依含量不同,可分为宏量元素和微量元素。凡占人体总重量万分之一以上者,称为宏量元素,计有碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、硫、钙、镁、钠、钾、氯１１种元素,合计占人体总重量的９９９５％以上;凡占人体总重不到万分之一者均称为微量元素,计有铁、锌、铜、钴...     

墨龙系列酒中无机元素含量研究

采用荧光、原子荧光、火焰光度、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定了墨龙醇、弥猴桃乳酒、麒麟玉液中的27种无机元素。其中钾、镁、磷、钠、钙和铁、锰、锌、铜、锶、镍、铬等人体必需宏、微量元素含量丰富，含量和分别占所测元素加和量的99．0％～99．8％；而有害微量元素铅、汞、镉、铍含量较低，仅占0．005%～0.009%，远低于致毒量。     

儿童补钙过度也致病

钙是人体必需的微量元素，它可以促进骨骼和牙齿的生长，使之坚硬，钙缺乏往往易患佝偻病。但是儿童摄取过量的钙，会使血压偏低，成年后有患心脏病的危险。     

佛手瓜微量元素含量的测定

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）测定了湛江人工栽培佛手瓜中微量元素的含量，发现其钙、镁、铁、锌等元素的含量都比较丰富，并讨论了这些有益元素与人体健康的关系。     

平菇微量元素含量的分析

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定了湛江市栽培的平菇中微量元素的含量，发现其磷、硫、钙、镁、锌、铁、铜等元素含量都比较丰富，并讨论了这些有益元素与人体健康的关系。     

人类钙营养状况,缺钙后果及其对策

人类缺钙是世界性普遍存在的问题，中国人由于膳食结构缺陷及传统饮食习惯而使食物中钙的吸收受到影响，因而缺钙尤其普遍。     

骨及生物材料中的纳米磷酸钙

纳米磷酸钙在自然界骨组织的形成过程中起到了关键作用。尽管骨的类型有所不同,但在其初级结构中的无机成分都是纳米磷酸钙。纳米磷酸钙结构能够给予骨良好的机械性能和生物学活性。在生物体中,无机纳米磷酸钙在有机基质的调控下能定向自组装成特定的生物矿物。体外细胞实验显示小尺寸纳米羟基磷灰石更能促进骨髓基质干细胞的增殖,而同尺寸的结晶型纳米磷酸钙则比无定形磷酸钙更能利于干细胞分化。鉴于纳米磷酸钙具有很好的生物相容性和骨诱导性,可以发展成为理想的生物材料常用于骨组织工程和生物医学。     

骨及生物材料中的纳米磷酸钙

纳米磷酸钙在自然界骨组织的形成过程中起到了关键作用。尽管骨的类型有所不同,但在其初级结构中的无机成分都是纳米磷酸钙。纳米磷酸钙结构能够给予骨良好的机械性能和生物学活性。在生物体中,无机纳米磷酸钙在有机基质的调控下能定向自组装成特定的生物矿物。体外细胞实验显示小尺寸纳米羟基磷灰石更能促进骨髓基质干细胞的增殖,而同尺寸的结晶型纳米磷酸钙则比无定形磷酸钙更能利于干细胞分化。鉴于纳米磷酸钙具有很好的生物相容性和骨诱导性,可以发展成为理想的生物材料常用于骨组织工程和生物医学。     

Measurement of total body calcium in some disease

The irregular shape of the human body and the non-uniformity of distribution of elements within the body makes absolute quantitation using in-vivo neutron activation relatively difficult. However, if the mass of an element can be assessed with reasonable accuracy, then a single measurement of a patient could reveal how far body content varied from normal. The determination of total body calcium is of importance in the study of bone disease. We have assessed the accuracy of measuring this quantity by varying the size of phantoms used for calibration and the distribution of element within these phantoms.     

Impact of In-Vivo Neutron Activation and Related Techniques in the Understanding and Treatment of Bone Diseases of the Elderly

In-vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) has been used in this laboratory, approximately for the past twenty years, to determine the bone status of humans. For this purpose, the total body calcium (TBCa) is assayed and that is indicative of the bone mineral concentration of the individual. We have effectively used this method to diagnose, understand and monitor the treatment of osteoporosis among elderly women, particularly in post-menopausal women. This paper summarizes the technique and our experience in dealing with osteoporosis.     

醋渍鸡蛋钙含量变化的研究

钙是人体必需元素之一，根据我国人民的膳食构成及营养状况，膳食中的钙摄入量尚不够充足，为寻找提高钙摄入量的途径，作者对醋渍鸡蛋，蛋壳和醋中的钙含量进行了测定。结果表明：醋渍８天的鸡蛋白每１００ｇ含钙量可达６００ｍｇ左右，相当于正常鸡蛋的１２倍，渍蛋和渍蛋壳（８％）３天后的醋，每１００ｍＬ含钙量约８００ｍｇ，相当于普通食醋的２１倍左右，因此，作者认为食用醋渍鸡蛋，醋渍蛋壳和渍蛋后的醋，均可提高国人膳食     

Mathematical modeling of the role of bone turnover in pH regulation in bone interstitial fluid

Background and aimsBone turnover is strongly affected by pH of surrounding fluid, and in turn plays a role in maintaining systemic pH, however the quantitative contribution of bone processes to pH regulation is not known. Our goal was to develop a mathematical model describing pH regulation in the interstitial fluid and to examine the contribution of hydroxyapatite dissolution and precipitation to pH regulation.Materials and methodsWe modeled twelve reversible equilibrium reactions of sixteen calcium, phosphate, hydrogen and carbonate species in the interstitial fluid and examined the buffering capacity and range. The effect of hydroxyapatite dissolution and precipitation was modeled by assuming that the calcium, phosphate and hydroxide contained in the bone volume adjacent to the interstitial fluid is instantaneously added to or removed from the interstitial fluid.ResultsThe carbonate buffer was found to dominate electrochemical buffering system of the bone interstitial fluid. Nevertheless, the phosphate added during dissolution of bone hydroxyapatite significantly improved the interstitial fluid buffering capacity. In contrast, hydroxyapatite precipitation had limited effect on the interstitial fluid pH regulation.ConclusionThis study provides mechanistic insights into the physicochemical processes underlying the known role of bone turnover processes in regulation of body pH homeostasis.     

Interpretation of 41Ca data using compartmental modeling in post-menopausal women

Calcium-41 (t(1/2) = 10(5) years) can be used after a single dose to follow calcium metabolism over a subject's lifetime. The aims of this study were to expand a (41)Ca kinetic model and estimate bone resorption in women with stable bone loss, compare the rates with those calculated with classical isotope studies, and to use the model to simulate dynamic changes in urinary (41)Ca:Ca ratios and bone balance for the design and interpretation of (41)Ca studies. Forty-two women >5 years post-menopause were given (41)Ca intravenously. Bone mineral content and bone mineral density of total body were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the beginning of the study. Urine collections were made periodically for up to ~5 years while subjects were free living. Urinary (41)Ca:Ca ratios were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry. The isotope data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. Four compartments were necessary to fit the urinary tracer data and total bone calcium. The final model included pathways for absorption, distribution, urinary excretion, and endogenous excretion and was used to calculate rates of bone turnover. Estimates of bone resorption in a subset of the women (n = 13), studied previously in a 3-week balance and full kinetic study with (45)Ca, agreed with those using (41)Ca methodology. Thus, rates of bone resorption can be estimated from (41)Ca urinary data in stable post-menopausal women. The model was used to simulate dynamic changes in urinary (41)Ca:Ca ratios and bone balance, as a result of interventions that perturb calcium metabolism to aid in study design and interpretation.     

Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers from lignin and 2-propenamide

Free radical polymerization of 2-propenamide in the presence of lignin, anhydrous calcium chloride, and cericion in photolyzed dioxane solvent produces a reaction product containing lignin-(1-amidoethylene) graft copolymer. Up to 49 weight percent of the product is poly(1-amidoethylene) homopolymer. Photolysis products of dioxane and the presence of anhydrous calcium chloride are critical to the reaction. A maximum yield of polymer is obtained when the dioxane solvent is irradiated for 3 h in a Pyrex vessel and the reaction mixture contains 2.0 weight percent calcium chloride. Aqueous size exclusion chromatography of reaction products shows that the molecular size of the lignin-(2-propenamide) reaction product is significantly greater than that of unreacted lignin, that the side chain and the lignin backbone migrate as one unit through the column, and that mixtures of lignin and poly(1-amidoethylene) are easily separated by the chromatographic column.     

硒、钙等元素在四川省阿坝州大骨节病区人发中的含量特征

大骨节病是一种地方性骨关节疾病,国内外学者经历160年的研究,病因假说上百种,但至今仍无定论。四川省阿坝州是中国大骨节病发病率较高的病区之一,为了查明病区人体中元素含量特征,采用人发作为测量介质进行对比研究,样本采集包含了健康、大骨节病Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类等人群。通过对比人发样品硒、钙、镉、氟分析结果,发现发病人群人发中硒、钙含量随着患病程度的加重,呈现下降的趋势,而镉、氟含量随着病情的加重呈现上升的趋势。与男性患病者相比,女性病人人发中钙、镉、氟略高,而硒元素较低。不同年龄段人发样品对比发现,随着年龄的增大,人发中钙、硒含量略有降低。建议合理调节大骨节病区人们的饮食结构,以高钙、硒等食物为主。