离线pH梯度-强阳离子交换色谱法分离肽段混合物

复杂肽段混合物的有效分离是高覆盖率地鉴定蛋白质混合物的前提。Shotgun蛋白质组学研究通常采用二维液相色谱(强阳离子交换色谱-反相色谱)分离后接串联质谱检测的方法。但由于离子交换色谱体系中含有高浓度的盐,使得在线分析的难度较大;而在离线分析时,也常因需要对高盐组分进行脱盐处理而易引起样品损失。因此,该文尝试用pH梯度替代盐梯度,实现pH梯度-强阳离子交换色谱方法应用于复杂肽段混合物的分离。通过对缓冲体系pH值的计算,优化了乙酸-乙酸铵体系线性pH梯度配合盐梯度的离子交换色谱方法,以及柠檬酸-氨水体系线性pH梯度的离子交换色谱方法。将这两种方法应用于牛血清白蛋白酶切产物的分离取得了与常规强阳离子交换色谱相似的分离效果。乙酸-乙酸铵体系采用的是低浓度的可挥发性铵盐,采用真空冻干的方法可以有效除盐,基质辅助激光解吸质谱靶上自然挥发也可以达到较好的脱盐效果,简化了常规方法繁琐费时的脱盐步骤及避免了由此造成的样品损失。柠檬酸-氨水体系采用pH梯度洗脱替代盐梯度洗脱,大大降低了体系中的盐浓度。这两种方法在复杂体系蛋白质组研究的样本预分离中具有较好的应用前景。     

亲水作用-反相二维液相色谱串联质谱法鉴定水稻蛋白质

建立了亲水作用-反相二维液相色谱串联质谱分析水稻叶片蛋白质组学的方法。利用标准肽段系统分析了液相色谱流动相酸碱度对二维亲水作用-反相色谱系统正交性的影响。结果表明,第一维亲水作用色谱在碱性(pH 9.3)和第二维反相色谱在酸性(pH 3.3)的条件下,正交性最佳(R~2=0.34113)。在此基础上,结合馏分收集技术进一步评价了本测试系统在水稻叶片蛋白质分析中的正交性。结果表明,在所有馏分收集组分中,鉴定次数小于2次的水稻叶片肽段占总肽段数目的 50%以上,且一维液相色谱馏分收集的肽段在第二维色谱及质谱分离分析中,可以较好地分布在不同时间段的洗脱窗口,表明本研究建立的亲水作用-反相二维液相色谱串联质谱结合馏分收集技术在复杂水稻叶片蛋白质分离鉴定中可提供良好的的分离正交性。结合水稻蛋白质数据库检索,共鉴定出207345个肽段,归属于2930个蛋白质簇。     

用反相液相色谱分离多肽时峰容量与色谱柱长度关系的研究

在蛋白质组学研究中,多肽混合物的有效分离对蛋白质鉴定和蛋白质之间相互作用的研究起着决定性的影响。基于此,用反相液相色谱研究了在两个不同长度的色谱柱上分离多肽混合物时色谱柱长度与峰容量的关系,同时考察了梯度洗脱时间对峰容量和峰宽的影响。实验结果表明,色谱柱长度对峰容量有显著的影响,而延长梯度洗脱时间不仅可以增加峰容量,而且可以增加峰宽。这说明用毛细管液相色谱 串联质谱联用方法对多肽混合物进行分离鉴定时,采用较长的色谱柱和较长的梯度洗脱时间有利于对更多的多肽进行分析鉴定。     

基于超高效液相色谱-八端口转子阀的微升级预分级系统的建立

复杂生物系统蛋白质组的深度覆盖鉴定得益于近年来快速发展的高效色谱分离和串联质谱分析技术。二维高效液相色谱（2-D HPLC）是实现复杂肽混合物正交分离的有效手段，但其缺点是运行时间长，通常要求肽上样量在毫克级别，且收集时的组分体积大，后续合并流程复杂，而有望替代其的StageTip技术，则由于有限的色谱分离梯度，难以达到充分的正交分离。该文探索了超高效液相色谱（UPLC）和八端口转子阀联用，作为高效、便捷肽段预分离和收集系统的可行性。研究结果显示，将UPLC的高pH反相色谱分馏与在线LC-MS/MS相结合，可以实现高pH和低pH条件下基于肽段不同色谱保留行为的正交互补分离，在蛋白质鉴定方面表现出优越的性能。应用该方法对人肝癌细胞系HepG2进行3次技术重复试验，重复试验间具有非常高的定量重现性（决定系数R²>0.95）。与传统StageTip方法相比，肽段鉴定数提高了23.52%。该分级方法灵活、稳定，能够针对较少的样品开展蛋白质组深度覆盖分析。     

全二维微柱液相色谱-质谱鉴定人胃癌组织中的差异蛋白质

构建了以阳离子交换色谱-反相色谱(SCX-RPLC)为分离模式的新型全二维微柱液相色谱-质谱分离平台.采用了醋酸铵缓冲液梯度洗脱,实现了第一维肽段的分步洗脱,洗脱的肽段经富集除盐后通过接口进入反相色谱微柱,通过线性梯度实现第二维进一步分离,最后进入质谱进行检测.采用此平台分析了人胃癌组织与正常组织提取蛋白质信息,其中正常胃组织鉴定蛋白质数为537个,而癌症组织鉴定蛋白质数目为506个.对胃癌和正常组织两种提取蛋白质酶解产物的蛋白质检索结果进行比较分析,将鉴定的蛋白质按照物理性质进行分布,找出正常组织与癌症组织间蛋白质差异,筛选出一种可能发生变异的癌症特有蛋白.     

L-羟脯氨酸寡肽混合物的高效液相色谱分离与质谱分析

研究了三氯氧磷辅助下L-羟脯氨酸的成肽反应,建立了采用反相高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用技术分离鉴定羟脯氨酸寡肽混合物的方法,优化了L-羟脯氨酸寡肽混合物的色谱分离条件。实验以YWG C8柱(10 μm,250 mm×10 mm)为分离柱,以乙腈-0.06%三氟乙酸水溶液(体积比为2∶98)为流动相进行等度洗脱,在正离子模式下对洗脱物进行了电喷雾电离串联质谱鉴定。结果显示,分离出的各组分分别为L-羟脯氨酸二肽、L-羟脯氨酸环二肽和L-羟脯氨酸三肽。     

去除血浆中高丰度蛋白质的二维液相色谱体系的建立

血浆中高丰度蛋白质的存在严重干扰低丰度蛋白质的检测,是困扰血浆蛋白质组学研究的技术瓶颈之一。针对这一热点问题,建立了一种二维液相色谱(强阴离子交换色谱-反相高效液相色谱)分离系统,对血浆中的高丰度蛋白质进行了色谱定位并进行去除。选择TSKgel SuperQ-5PW为第一维色谱分离柱,第二维色谱分离采用Jupiter C4柱,对第一维的馏分进行进一步的分离。通过梯度优化,血浆样品经过二维系统得到充分分离。第二维分离过程中从紫外信号强度高(215 nm,大于20 mAU)的峰中选择10个峰,利用液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定出32种高丰度蛋白质,包括人血清白蛋白、免疫球蛋白G等高丰度蛋白质。该体系为血浆中更多高丰度蛋白质的去除以及血浆蛋白质组学的更深入研究提供了重要思路。     

梯度加压毛细管电色谱分离蛋白质

 以1.5 μm无孔硅胶颗粒(non-porous silica,NPS)为固定相,采用电压和压力联合驱动流动相,用反相梯度加压毛细管电色谱(p-CEC)在7.5 min内实现了核糖核酸酶A、细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白等4种蛋白质的快速、高效的分离。比较了梯度加压毛细管电色谱和微柱液相色谱(μ-HPLC)分离蛋白质的结果,同时考察了固定相、离子对试剂三氟醋酸(TFA)浓度和电压等条件对梯度加压毛细管电色谱分离蛋白质的影响。结果表明,梯度p-CEC可以通过调节电压精细调节带电溶质的保留,提高分离选择性,缩短分离时间,得到较高的柱效。该方法在蛋白质分离分析及蛋白质组学的研究中具有很大的应用潜力，为高效快速地分离蛋白质开辟了新的途径。     

多维离子交换色谱分离和串联质谱鉴定在小鼠肝脏膜蛋白质组分析中的应用

膜蛋白质在变性剂作用下能够较充分地溶解。根据这一特点,我们试图在变性剂溶液中采用串联离子交换色谱法分离小鼠肝脏膜蛋白质。将小鼠肝脏膜蛋白质溶解于含有4 mol/L尿素,20 mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)-盐酸缓冲液(pH 9.0)中,用Q-Sepharose FF和Sephacryl S-200HR树脂组成的色谱柱结合大部分溶解的膜蛋白质,然后采用氯化钠线性梯度洗脱蛋白质,分步收集后采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)进一步分离洗脱组分的蛋白质。利用胶内胰蛋白酶消化技术将SDS-PAGE胶内分离的蛋白质降解为相应的肽段,然后以反相高效液相色谱分离和离子阱质谱仪鉴定肽段。根据文献报道和蛋白质的功能分类,在所鉴定的392个蛋白质中有306个可能为膜蛋白质或膜结合蛋白质。蛋白质的疏水性计算表明,GRAVY(grand average of hydropathicity)得分大于或等于0.00的蛋白质有83个。综上所述,我们有理由认为本实验方法基本符合小鼠肝脏膜蛋白质组学研究的要求。     

新型游离胶分馏器OFFGEL对SH-SY5Y细胞蛋白酶切后肽段分离性能考察

在基于鸟枪法鉴定蛋白的策略中,需要在肽段水平上进行高效良好的预分离。以人多巴胺能神经细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)为研究对象,考察了游离胶分馏器(OFFGEL)分离肽段的性能。SH-SY5Y细胞全酶切肽段经过OFFGEL分离后,得到24个不同馏分,每一个馏分经过微流液相色谱-质谱检测,发现有83.7%的肽段是专属于一个馏分中,各个馏分中肽段平均等电点与理论值基本一致,且在pH低端肽段的等电点偏差较小,达到良好的聚焦效果。OFFGEL不但能同时分离多达16个样品,而且能够从溶液中回收样品,具有高通量、操作简单、方便后续质谱检测等优点。因此,OFFGEL在蛋白质组学中多肽的分离具有很好的应用前景。     

IEX/RP二维液相色谱中弱保留组分收集模式的构建及系统评价

以十通阀和捕集柱接口形式,构建了弱阴离子交换/反相(WAX/RP)二维液相色谱分离系统.通过将第一维离子交换色谱分析中的前部集中洗脱出的弱保留组分收集后单独分析,剩余样品进一步采用二维液相色谱分析,可以有效避免第二维色谱柱对特殊样品局部集中流出导致的第二维分离超柱容量问题,提高了系统的整体分离能力.使用4种蛋白胰蛋白酶酶解后的多肽样品评价该系统,在不分流的系统中共检测到115个峰.对第一维分离的前15 min分流后得到的组分单独分析,共识别出58个峰,后续的二维分离中共得到78个峰.2种方法相比,第二种方法检测峰数增加了21个,一些低丰度的组分在弱保留组分收集后被识别.     

Characterization of polyolefins by comprehensive high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC)

Temperature rising elution fractionation hyphenated to size exclusion chromatography (TREF × SEC) is a routine technique to determine the chemical heterogeneity of semicrystalline olefin copolymers. A serious limitation is its applicability to non crystallizing samples. Comprehensive high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC) gives an alternative to characterize the chemical heterogeneity of copolymers irrespective of their crystallizability. We have hyphenated interactive HPLC, which separates polyolefins according to their chemical composition, with high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which distinguishes polyolefins with regard to their molar mass at 160 °C. The first separation step was based on a selective adsorption of macromolecules on a Hypercarb® column packed with porous graphite particles and subsequent desorption by a gradient 1-decanol → 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 160 °C. The SEC column was calibrated with polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) standards and it turned out that the injection solvent from the first dimension influenced the elution of PP in the SEC column, while the retention of PE was virtually constant. HT 2D-LC was then used to separate a broad variety of polyolefin blends containing PE, PP with different microstructure, ethylene–propylene (EP) and ethylene–propylene–diene (EP(D)M) rubber and ethylene/1-hexene copolymers. For the first time it has been shown that the elution of iPP in the gradient HPLC is molar mass dependent. The results from the HT 2D-LC separation were compared to those from TREF × SEC-experiments. The particular advantage of HT 2D-LC over TREF × SEC is the fact that HT 2D-LC is also applicable to non crystallizing polyolefin samples. The new technique therefore resolves the problem to analyze the chemical heterogeneity of non crystallizing olefin copolymers like EP and EP(D)M copolymers.     

高分辨采样二维液相色谱法同时测定金银花中绿原酸和木犀草苷含量

采用高分辨采样二维液相色谱法（HiRes 2D-LC）对金银花中绿原酸和木犀草苷进行准确定量分析。第一维液相色谱采用C18色谱柱，以乙腈和0.4%（v/v）磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱；第二维液相色谱采用SB-Phenyl色谱柱，以乙腈和0.5%（v/v）乙酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱；二维接口采用五位十通阀，并配置2个多中心切割阀，对绿原酸组分和木犀草苷组分进行多次连续切割。实验结果表明，二维液相色谱分析提高了绿原酸和木犀草苷色谱峰的确认能力，可揭示一维液相色谱分析中共洗脱或隐藏峰的信息；高分辨采样模式实现了一维目标组分的片段式整峰切割，提高了二维液相色谱分析的准确定量能力；通过线性关系、基质加标回收和重复性等考察结果，表明高分辨采样二维液相色谱具有优异的定量准确性和重复性，为中药等复杂基质组分样品的分离和准确定量提供了新方法。     

蛋白质高效分离两维色谱柱的选择优化

为了构建高效的离子交换/反相二维液相色谱(IEC/RPLC)分离平台系统,提高复杂蛋白质样品的分离效率,对色谱柱进行了评价与筛选。通过对实际人肝蛋白质样品的分离效果的比较,选择确定了TSKgel DEAE-5PW弱阴离子交换色谱柱(WAX)作为第一维色谱分离柱;考察了同一规格的10支代表性反相色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm, 30 nm, C4、C8或C18),通过评价其对尿嘧啶、硝基苯、萘和芴的分离性能以及对3种标准蛋白质样品的非特异性吸附、对人肝蛋白质样品的WAX馏分的分离效果,最终确定以Jupiter 300 C4反相色谱柱作为第二维色谱分离柱。对两维色谱柱的选择优化为蛋白质高效分离二维液相色谱平台的搭建提供了可靠基础。     

二维液相色谱接口技术

二维液相色谱具有峰容量大、分辨率高、分析速度快等优点,已经成为复杂样品分离分析的重要工具。两种分离模式的转换通常需要经过一个特殊接口来完成,接口是二维液相色谱系统的核心,也是限制二维液相色谱应用的瓶颈;两种流动相不互溶时,接口尤为重要。本文针对二维液相色谱接口技术近期的发展和应用进行总结。引用文献51篇。     

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography analysis of synthetic polymers using fast size exclusion chromatography at high column temperature

In recent years, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has been used increasingly for the analysis of synthetic polymers. A 2D-LC analysis provides richer information than a single chromatography analysis at the cost of longer analysis time. The time required for a comprehensive 2D-LC analysis is essentially proportional to the analysis time of the second dimension separation. Many of 2D-LC analyses of synthetic polymers have employed size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the second-dimension analysis due to the relatively short analysis time in addition to the wide use in the polymer analysis. Nonetheless, short SEC columns are often used for 2D-LC analyses to reduce the separation time, which inevitably deteriorates the resolution. In this study, we demonstrated that high temperature SEC can be employed as an efficient second-LC in the 2D-LC separation of synthetic polymers. By virtue of high temperature operation (low solvent viscosity and high diffusivity of the polymer molecules), a normal length SEC column can be used at high flow rate with little loss in resolution.     

Multidimensional nano-HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for analyzing biotinylated proteins

Multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a key method in shotgun proteomics approaches for analyzing highly complex protein mixtures by complementary chromatographic separation principles. Here, we describe an integrated 3D-nano-HPLC/nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system that allows an enzymatic digestion of proteins followed by an enrichment and subsequent separation of the created peptide mixtures. The online 3D-nano-HPLC system is composed of a monolithic trypsin reactor in the first dimension, a monolithic affinity column with immobilized monomeric avidin in the second dimension, and a reversed phase C18 HPLC-Chip in the third dimension that is coupled to a nano-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. The 3D-LC/MS setup is exemplified for the identification of biotinylated proteins from a simple protein mixture. Additionally, we describe an online 2D-nano-HPLC/nano-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS setup for the enrichment, separation, and identification of cross-linked, biotinylated species from chemical cross-linking of cytochrome c and a calmodulin/peptide complex using a novel trifunctional cross-linker with two amine-reactive groups and a biotin label.

High-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography of ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers

Temperature rising elution fractionation hyphenated to size exclusion chromatography (TREF × SEC) is a routine technique to determine the chemical heterogeneity of semicrystalline olefin copolymers. Its applicability is limited to well crystallizing samples. High-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography, HT 2D-LC, where the chromatographic separation by HPLC is hyphenated to SEC (HPLC × SEC) holds the promise to separate such materials irrespective of their crystallizability. A model blend consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers covering a broad range of chemical composition distribution including amorphous and semicrystalline copolymers and a polyethylene standard was separated by HT 2D-LC at 140 °C. Both axes of the contour plot, i.e. the compositional axis from the HPLC and the molar mass axis from the SEC separation were calibrated for the first time. Therefore, a new approach to determine the void and dwell volume of the developed HT 2D-LC instrument was applied. The results from the HT 2D-LC separation are compared to those from a cross-fractionation (TREF × SEC) experiment.     

Fast, comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC separation of tryptic peptides based on high-temperature HPLC

Two-dimensional HPLC (2D-LC) has recently received considerable attention, and is being used as an alternative to 2D gel electrophoresis in proteomics research. The greatest impediment to the widespread use of 2D-LC is the long analysis time ranging up to days per analysis, making the technique impractical for many jobs. Here we focus on improving the speed of gradient separations since these are typically used as the second dimension in peptide separations by 2D-LC. Specifically we describe high-temperature, ultrafast HPLC conditions, along with the instrument modifications needed to reduce the analysis time of each complete second-dimension gradient separation to tens of seconds. Most importantly, this system is capable of generating a high peak capacity (1350) characteristic of comprehensive 2D-LC in a relatively shorter analysis time (20 min) with a sampling rate sufficient to minimize information loss with simpler instrumentation than currently used; this is equivalent to one unit of peak capacity per second.     

Optimization of peptide separations in reversed-phase HPLC: Isocratic versus gradient elution

Summary We have determined the interaction behaviour of peptides with hydrophobic stationary phases on analytical columns using isnocratic or shallow gradient elution for the purpose of developing procedures for rapid optimization of conditions for preparative reversed-phase chromatography of peptides. From our investigation of the separation of two closely related decapeptides (differing by one methyl group), in a 1:1 molar ratio on an analytical C8 column, we have found that shallow gradients of 0.1% acetonitrile/min appeared to be the best compromise between resolution and a practical run time for preparative peptide separations. Up to 20mg of the two-peptide mixture was efficiently resolved on the analytical column, with >97% recovery of homogeneous peptides.