负载型CuO—ZnO／γ—Al2O3催化剂抗硫中毒性能的研究

采用XPS、TPR法证明浸渍法制备的CuO-ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂中的CuO、ZnO和γ-Al_2O_3之间存在强相互作用,Cu量≤7.0wt%,Zn量≤11Wt%时,CuO和ZnO以单分子层分散在γ-Al_2O_3上.催化剂表面Cu和Zn实际含量的比值远小于配制时的比值(Cu/Zn=2),表明ZnO比CuO优先分布在表面.因ZnO比CuO更易和S作用生成ZnS,ZnO在表面的大量存在减少了Cu被S中毒的机率;另外CuO单层分散在Al_2O_3上,还原后生成的Cu~0,由于γ-Al_2O_3的拉电子作用使其处于缺电子状态(CU~(?+)),加上催化剂表面可能有部分CuO和Al_2O_3形成尖晶石,使一部分Cu以Cu~(n+)存在,Cu~((?)+)或Cu~(n+)对S的吸附弱.以上两个原因使负载型铜催化剂具有良好的抗硫中毒性能.     

Al2O3改性CuO/Fe2O3催化剂水煤气变换反应性能

采用分步共沉淀法制备了不同Al₂O₃含量(0%-15% (w))的CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂, 并进行水煤气变换反应(WGSR)评价测试. 制得的催化剂中含有复合物CuFe₂O₄, 其晶粒尺寸, 氧化还原性质和表面Cu分散通过相应表征手段加以研究. X 射线粉末衍射(XRD), 拉曼(Raman)光谱, N₂物理吸附, N₂O分解和CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)等表征技术说明适量Al₂O₃的加入可以促进尖晶石CuFe₂O₄发生由四方相向立方相的转变, 阻止催化剂中Cu烧结, 增大表面Cu分散, 增加弱碱性位点的数量. 此外, 采用H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)技术探究改性的CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂的还原性能. 关联结果发现, Al₂O₃掺杂在增大铜物种的耗氢量, 降低其还原温度方面起着重要的作用. 即Al₂O₃的添加促进CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂中铜铁物种之间的协同作用. 结合活性测试和表征结果,适量的Al₂O₃ (10%(w))改性的催化剂具有较小的Cu颗粒尺寸、较大的Cu分散、较强的还原性能、较多数量的弱碱性位点, 因此具有更好的初始活性和热稳定性.     

助剂SiO2对CO2加氢制二甲醚催化剂Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5性能的影响

 考察了助剂SiO2对CO2加氢合成二甲醚催化剂Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5性能的影响,并用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,加入少量的SiO2即可显著提高CO2的转化率、二甲醚的选择性以及二甲醚和甲醇的总选择性,并降低副产物CO的选择性,同时改善催化剂的稳定性; 但SiO2加入量大时,催化活性反而降低. SiO2的存在可使焙烧后催化剂的晶型结构发生改变,促进CuO和ZnO的分散,并提高CuO的还原温度. SiO2的加入抑制了反应过程中催化剂上Cu0和ZnO晶粒的长大,对活性物种Cu0有稳定作用,从而有利于提高催化剂的活性和稳定性.     

吲哚的直接气相合成: MgO助剂对Cu/SiO2催化剂性能的影响

将MgO作为助剂用于苯胺和乙二醇直接气相合成吲哚Cu/SiO2催化剂中,通过X射线衍射、程序升温还原和热重分析对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,适量(如0.17mmol/g)MgO的添加不仅提高了催化剂的活性,而且显著增强了催化剂的稳定性.加入的MgO可与CuO发生一定的相互作用,从而改善铜在二氧化硅表面上的分散,抑制铜在反应过程中的烧结.此外,MgO还减少了催化剂的积炭.     

Cu—ZnO—AI2O3甲醇合成催化剂活性组分的高温动态变化

采用XRD和XPS方法考察了Cu-ZnO-AI2O3甲醇合成催化剂在高温焙烧、还原和反应过程中活性组分的动态变化。结果表明,高温焙烧可造成活性组分晶粒的生长,ZnO晶粒比CuO晶粒更易于生长和在表面富集,从而引起Cu/Zn比下降。在还原和反应过程中,一方面H与Cu相互作用引起的Cu粒子表面自由能的降低远大于H对ZnO的影响,使得Cu粒子的生长在热力学上更有利;另一方面,由于Cu的熔点较低,造成Cu粒子的表面迁移活性能降低,表面扩散系数较高,受表面扩散所支配的粒子移动引起的晶粒生长较快,而ZnO由于熔点较高,在氢气气氛中粒子生长较慢。与焙烧后的催化剂相比,还原及反应活性的催化剂表面Cu/Zn比明显增大。     

溶剂极性对微波辐射老化制备前驱体及CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构的影响

在制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的老化过程中,采用微波辐射老化技术,着重研究了溶剂极性对前躯体物相组成,烧后CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构及其在浆态床合成甲醇工艺中催化性能的影响。通过XRD、DTG、H2-TPR,FTIR、HR-TEM和XPS对前驱体及催化剂表征表明,沉淀母液在微波辐射条件下进行老化,溶剂的极性对前躯体物相组成及催化剂结构影响显著。随着溶剂极性的增大,Zn2+/Cu2+取代Cu2(CO3)(OH)2/Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6中Cu2+/Zn2+的取代反应增强,使得前躯体中(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6和(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2物相的含量增多,结晶度提高,导致烧后CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂中CuO-ZnO协同作用增强,且CuO晶粒减小,表面Cu含量增加,催化剂活性和稳定性提高。水溶剂的极性最大,制备的催化剂活性和稳定性最好,甲醇的时空收率(STY)和平均失活率分别为320 mg.g-1.h-1和0.11%.d-1。     

AHTD法铜基催化剂合成甲醇的研究——Ⅱ.催化剂氧化态前驱体的性质

本文采用XRD,XPS,TPR等手段对AHTD(雾化高温分解)法制备的铜基甲醇合成催化剂的氧化态前驱体进行了表征,发现CuO/ZnO催化剂是四方结构的CuO和六方结构的ZnO组成的两相体系,但是,有部分ZnO溶解到CuO相中,催化剂的表面积为5—10m~2/g,远小于相应的沉淀法催化剂的表面积,氧化铝的加入有助于表面积的增大;催化剂存在表面富锌现象,随着催化剂铜含量的增加,表面富锌量增大;CuO与ZnO之间存在相互作用,使CuO的还原性能发生明显的变化。     

制备方法对CuO/CeO_2-ZrO_2催化CO低温氧化活性的影响

采用微波加热分解法(一步法)和微波加热处理共沉淀+浸渍法(两步法)制备了CuO/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂,并对其进行了X射线衍射、低温氮气吸附/脱附和程序升温还原等表征,采用色谱流动法考察了催化剂的催化CO低温氧化性能.结果表明,一步法比两步法更有利于使催化剂表面CuO高度分散,CuO与CeO2-ZrO2间的相互作用更强,CuO更容易被还原,从而具有更高的催化CO氧化活性.与CeO2-ZrO2有相互作用的高分散和小颗粒CuO有利于催化剂活性的提高,与CeO2-ZrO2无相互作用的大颗粒CuO对催化剂的活性有抑制作用.     

微波辐射对浆态床合成甲醇Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体微观结构及催化性能的影响

 考察了微波辐射条件下老化温度对 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 催化剂在浆态床中催化 CO 加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响, 并采用 X 射线衍射、热重分析、程序升温还原、红外光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、透射电镜和粒度分析等手段对催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 在母液老化过程中, 微波辐射有助于 Cu2+ 取代 Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 中的 Zn2+, 使前驱体中含有更多的 (Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6 物相, 焙烧后催化剂的 CuO-ZnO 协同作用增强, CuO 晶粒减小, 表面 Cu 含量增加, 从而提高了催化剂活性和稳定性. 在微波辐射条件下, 于 80 oC 老化制备的催化剂活性最高, 在 400 h 浆态床合成甲醇评价期间, 平均失活率仅为 0.11%/d, 最大时空收率为 318.9 mg/(g•h), 比非微波辐射制得催化剂的平均失活率降低了 31.2%, 时空收率提高了 10.1%.     

Cu-ZnO-Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂活性组分的高温动态变化

 采用XRD和XPS方法考察了Cu－ZnO－Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂在高温焙烧、还原和反应过程中活性组分的动态变化．结果表明,高温焙烧可造成活性组分晶粒的生长,ZnO晶粒比CuO晶粒更易于生长和在表面富集,从而引起Cu／Zn比下降．在还原和反应过程中,一方面H与Cu相互作用引起的Cu粒子表面自由能的降低远大于H对ZnO的影响,使得Cu粒子的生长在热力学上更有利;另一方面,由于Cu的熔点较低,造成Cu粒子的表面迁移活化能较低,表面扩散系数较高,受表面扩散所支配的粒子移动引起的晶粒生长较快,而ZnO由于熔点较高,在氢气气氛中粒子生长较慢．与焙烧后的催化剂相比,还原及反应后的催化剂表面Cu／Zn比明显增大．     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

Visible light-sensitive yellow TiO2−xNx and Fe-N co-doped Ti1−yFeyO2−xNx anatase photocatalysts

Nitrogen substituted yellow colored anatase TiO_2−xN_x and Fe-N co-doped Ti_1−yFe_yO_2−xN_x have been easily synthesized by novel hydrazine method. White anatase TiO_2−δ and N/Fe-N-doped samples are semiconducting and the presence of ESR signals at g ∼1.994-2.0025 supports the oxygen vacancy and g∼4.3 indicates Fe³⁺ in the lattice. TiO_2−xN_x has higher conductivity than TiO_2−x and Fe/Fe-N-doped anatase and the UV absorption edge of white TiO_2−x extends in the visible region in N, Fe and Fe-N co-doped TiO₂, which show, respectively, two band gaps at ∼3.25/2.63, ∼3.31/2.44 and 2.8/2.44 eV. An activation energy of ∼1.8 eV is observed in Arrhenius log resistivity vs. 1/T plots for all samples. All TiO₂ and Fe-doped TiO₂ show low 2-propanol photodegradation activity but have significant NO photodestruction capability, both in UV and visible regions, while standard Degussa P-25 is incapable in destroying NO in the visible region The mid-gap levels that these N and Fe-N-doped TiO₂ consist may cause this discrepancy in their photocatalytic activities.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 solid solutions

Doped-rutile has been traditionally used in ceramic pigments for its intense optical properties. In this paper, we compare the classical ceramic synthesis of Ti_1−2xNb_xNi_xO_2−x/2 system with the sol-gel methodology, which allows a reduction of the anatase-rutile transformation temperature. The composition was optimised in order to obtain a unique rutile phase with the minimum amount of pollutant Ni(II) and enhanced chromatic coordinates. Incorporation of the doping ions in the rutile structure was corroborated by XRD and Rietveld refinements. The species responsible for the colour mechanism were studied by different techniques. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed the characteristic features of Ni²⁺ ions, whose existence was corroborated by EPR and magnetic measurements. From these results, (Ni,Nb)doped-TiO₂ powder samples can be now shaped as thin films, monoliths, etc. by using sol-gel methodology without modifying their properties. This study introduces new possibilities of coloured TiO₂-based solid solutions in new combined advanced applications (colouring agent and photocatalyst, etc.).     

Carbon black and propylene oxidation over Ru/CoxMgyAl2Oz catalysts

The effects of Co_xMg_yAl₂O_z mixed oxides composition and ruthenium addition on the oxidation of propylene and carbon black (CB) were investigated. Different reactive cobalt and ruthenium oxide species were formed following calcination at 600 °C. The addition of ruthenium was beneficial for the CB oxidation under “loose contact” conditions and for propylene oxidation when the cobalt content was intermediate to low. The calculated activation energy for CB oxidation was decreased from 151 kJ mol⁻¹ for the uncatalyzed reaction to 111 kJ mol⁻¹ over the best catalyst.