ICP-AES法快速分析聚氯乙烯中复合热稳定剂

聚氯乙烯（PVC）的热稳定性较差，在加工过程中必须通过添加2％～4％热稳定剂才能有效地阻止其热降解。工业上广泛应用铅、镉、钡、钙、锌的硬脂酸盐或油酸盐等的复合物作为PVC的复合热稳定剂，通常是二元或三元复合体系，如铅钡、镉钡、镉钡锌、钙锌体系等，由于体系内组分之间有协同热稳定性，不仅使PVC加工时期的色泽好，而且有非常好的长期稳定性。     

月桂酸稀土复合热稳定剂对PVC热稳定作用的研究

合成了月桂酸镧/铈/钕,分别与硬脂酸钙、季戊四醇复配得到了硬质PVC用月桂酸稀土复合热稳定剂。采用刚果红法、转矩流变仪、动态力学谱仪等考察其对PVC热稳定性、流变性能、力学性能的影响,利用红外光谱初步探讨了其热稳定机制。结果表明:稀土复合热稳定剂中月桂酸镧(铈/钕)/硬脂酸钙/季戊四醇最佳比例为3∶1∶1;具有良好的热稳定性,静态、动态热稳定时间均达到为90和50 min以上;其加工性能和力学性能与铅盐体系相当,断裂伸长率明显高于铅盐体系。     

热稳定剂及与PVC混合物的热解反应研究

采用热分析方法对PVC加工成型中热稳定型的热解反应进行了研究，根据它们的热重曲线，分别求得热稳定剂及掺入热稳定剂后PVC混合物的热分解反应的各种特性参数，运用计算动力学参数的经验公式，求得热解活化能，定量地评价了热稳定剂及掺入热稳定剂后PVC混合物的热性能，并采用静态法测定了PVC混合物的热稳定时间。     

N-苯基马来酰胺酸根合镧(Ⅲ)的合成及对PVC的热稳定作用

以马来酸酐、苯胺和氧化镧为原料合成了N-苯基马来酰胺酸根合镧(Ⅲ).对产品进行了红外光谱分析及其物性常数测定,通过刚果红法和热重法对其PVC热稳定性进行评价.结果表明,N-苯基马来酰胺酸根(OA)合镧(Ⅲ)为淡黄色粉末,熔点181℃,其化学组成符合La(OA)3·H2O,酰胺氮和羧基氧与镧离子发生了配位作用.配合物对PVC的热稳定性良好,可作为PVC的热稳定剂使用,当稳定剂加入量为PVC的2.5%时,稳定时间可达到31 min,热失重温度提高30℃;并且与硬脂酸钙之间有明显的协同作用,当配合物与硬脂酸钙按质量(1+3)形成的复合物的加入量为PVC的2.5%时,对PVc的稳定时间可以达到38 min,热失重温度提高60℃.该化合物主要通过镧与PVC中活泼的Cl反应和其有机部分的稳定作用来提高PVC的热稳定性.     

PVC硬脂酸轻稀土热稳定剂的复配与应用研究

为了进一步研发性价比高且"无铅化"的稀土复合热稳定剂,研究了系列硬脂酸轻稀土盐(镧/铈/镨/钕/钐/铕/混合)与其他常用PVC热稳定(助)剂的复配效果。通过刚果红试纸法、红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、转矩流变仪等探究了复合热稳定剂对PVC性能的影响。结果表明:复合热稳定剂配方为硬脂酸轻稀土盐0.7~1.0份、硬脂酸锌0.8~0.9份、β-二酮0.3~0.6份和季戊四醇0.8~0.9份。将3份复合热稳定剂添加到100份PVC树脂中,静态及动态热稳定时间延长至100和35 min左右;动态热稳定性能和力学性能优于市售钙锌热稳定剂,与市售铅盐较接近。红外光谱分析表明复合热稳定剂可在加热初期减缓PVC氧化降解,较好地抑制初期着色,对PVC性能影响顺序为:镧组钕组混合组铈组镨组钐组铕组。     

氯化聚氯乙烯热稳定性研究——Ⅳ.红外光谱法对稳定剂作用的研究

<正> 有专利报道在使用聚氯乙烯(PVC)常用热稳定剂的同时,再使用碱金属磷酸盐作为助稳定剂,两者协同作用于氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)可获得较好的热稳定效果。本工作选用月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTL)和硬酯酸铅(PbSt_2)分别单独作用和与磷酸氢二钠(DSP)协同作用于CPVC,对不同热解程度的样品进行红外光谱研究表明,某些特征吸收值,随受热时间增加而呈现的有规律的变化,可以代表主稳定剂有效成分的消耗和稳定反应     

稀土PVC稳定剂的作用机制研究

稀土化合物可以作为聚氯乙烯稳定剂，硬脂酸稀土是稀土复合稳定剂的重要成分。本文通过研究PVC与硬脂酸镧及其它硬脂酸盐作用前后的红外光谱，探讨了硬脂酸盐对PVC的热稳定作用机制，发现了稀土化合物对PVC的特殊稳定机制，即改变PVC的构象和抑制脱氯化氢的作用，并对稀土稳定剂独特的协同作用做出了解释。     

锌铝镧类水滑石PVC热稳定剂的制备及性能研究

通过共沉淀法制备了锌铝镧类水滑石热稳定剂,用FT-IR、XRD和SEM扫描电镜等进行表征,用刚果红试纸法研究了锌铝镧类水滑石热稳定剂的热稳定作用及变色情况、热稳定剂和β-二酮的协同作用,与其他热稳定剂硬脂酸镧、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌进行了比较。结果表明,锌铝镧类水滑石热稳定剂结晶度高、结构规整,锌铝镧类水滑石热稳定剂是具有良好的抑制PVC降解初期着色性的长期性热稳定剂,锌铝镧类水滑石热稳定剂和β-二酮助稳定剂之间存在强烈的协同作用。     

稀土复合稳定剂在PVC塑料门窗型材中的应用

根据人们对环保产品的需求，对新型环保产品RE－4稀土复合稳定剂的热稳定性，流变性，抗硫化污染等方面铅盐体系进行了分析对比，其结果表明RE－4稀土复合稳定剂不但具有良好的热稳定性而且对配方中的无机成分具有良好的包覆与分散作用；从而能提高物料的流动性能和产品质量。     

金属皂的晶体结构

钠、钾以外金属的高级脂肪酸盐通称金属皂。它们兼具金属盐和脂肪酸的特性,在工业上广泛用作为塑料助剂(热稳定剂、润滑剂等)、油漆催干剂、增稠剂、防水剂、脱模剂,爽滑剂等[1]。金属皂的许多特性随脂肪链长度和金属种类的不同而变化。稀土、碱土和锌、镉、铅等金属皂是重要的PVC热稳定剂和润滑剂[2,3]。前文[4,5]已报道了稀土金属皂结构的红外光谱和X 射线衍射谱,本文报道镁、钙、锶、钡、锌、镉、铅与棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸、月桂酸、癸酸锌、辛酸形成金属皂结构的X 射线衍射谱。1　实验部分1 1　金属皂合成采用复分解法[1]合成,产物均…     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Conferences in Chemistry Held in 2022

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

美国化学教育中的科学道德教育

介绍了近年来美国科学界维护科学道德的行动及美国某些大学化学系开设科学道德教育课程的情况     

Styrol in Polystyrol und in Styrol-Methylmethacrylat-Copolymeren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.