结构陶瓷复合材料的现状和发展趋势

本文简要叙述了结构陶瓷高温下强度及硬度高、蠕变小、抗氧化、耐腐蚀、耐磨损等优越性能,同时指出了陶瓷应用于承载结构的致命弱点,即陶瓷的脆性。较详细地综述了克服陶瓷脆性的主要技术方向--开发第二相粒子、纤维(晶须)补强增韧的微米陶瓷复合材料及纳米陶瓷复合材料,并分析了纳米陶瓷的发展前景。     

CeO2对SrTiO3陶瓷电导性的影响

ＣｅＯ＿２改性的ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷采用传统的陶瓷工艺制备。ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３基质与ＣｅＯ＿２按化学式ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３＋ｘ（ＣｅＯ＿２ｎＴｉＯ＿２）配比［ｘ（ｗｔ％）分别为２、５、１０、１５、２０、２５和３０］。样品在１４００℃下烧结１ｈ。Ｃｅ在ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷中起施主杂质作用。扫描电镜形貌分析和Ｘ射线物相观察表明，在此种陶瓷中有Ｃｅ＿２Ｏ＿３第二相即玻璃相存在，并对毒害ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷半导体化的杂质有固溶性质；同时，Ｃｅ＿２Ｏ＿３第二相还具有减薄晶粒表面氧化层的作用，从而增加了晶粒电导特性。在室温下，ＣｅＯ＿２改性的半导体ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷具有畸变的立方结构。     

先进陶瓷材料的研究现状

第 5次国际材料研讨会于 1 999年 6月在北京召开。这次会议的讨论面很广 ,把材料分成 35个研讨组 ,先进陶瓷为其中之一。该组共收到论文 1 0 0多篇 ,它们代表了陶瓷材料的研究现状。1 .制备科学与工艺材料的制备方法可以说是千变万化 ,主要是取决于材料的化学组成、结构形状以及性能要求等。针对陶瓷这一特定材料来说 ,烧结是它在制备过程中的一个重要措施。因此在所收到的论文中 ,除了常用的烧结方法外 ,还提出了微波烧结、燃烧烧结、自蔓延高温烧结、智能烧结、喷涂烧结、低温烧结以及无压烧结等等。这些烧结方法 ,有的是为了满足某些陶瓷…     

多孔β—TCP生物降解陶瓷的红外光谱研究

本文报道了多孔β－ＴＣＰ（β－Ｃａ３（ＰＯ４）２）生物降解陶瓷的红外光谱，研究了实验条件对生物降解陶瓷结构与性能的影响，结果表明，生物降解陶瓷以βＣａ３＊ＰＯ４）２米晶相，同时含有Ｃａ２Ｐ２Ｏ７，Ｃａ４Ｐ２Ｏ９晶相和其他非晶相，并呈现多孔的网络结构。     

Nd2O3改性PbTiO3陶瓷性能的研究

通过添加少量的Ｎｄ２Ｏ３可以改善ＰｂＴｉＯ３陶瓷的性能。这种性能的改善是与用Ｎｄ２Ｏ３改性的ＰｂＴｉＯ３陶瓷的显微结构物导电机制密切相关的。本文研究了Ｎｄ２Ｏ３改性的ＰｂＴｉＯ３陶瓷的性能参数。     

RE2O3-Al2O3-SiO2玻璃连接氮化硅合成复相陶瓷的研究

采用Ｙ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２－Ｘ稀土玻璃进行氮化硅复相陶瓷的连接。用四点弯曲方法测定不同连接工艺下的连接强度。并对连接界面进行ＳＥＭ、ＥＰＭＡ和ＸＲＤ分析。液相钎料玻璃在界面上与氮化硅反应，形成氮化硅／Ｓｉ２Ｎ２Ｏ／Ｙ（Ｌａ）－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ玻璃／Ｙ（Ｌａ）－Ｓｉａｌｏ玻璃的梯度层界面。接头强度随着保温时间、妆温度的增加，先增后。 在ＹＡＳ钎料中添加氧化镧，可以提高接头的高温强度。ＬａＹＯ３的     

BaPbO3—Nd2O3系陶瓷导电性研究

研究了ＢａＰｂＯ３－Ｎｄ２Ｏ３系陶瓷的导电性。研究表明，此系统陶瓷的导电载流子是氧缺位中存在的施主电子；添加适量的Ｎｄ２Ｏ３，可以改善ＢａＰｂＯ３陶瓷的导电性和ＰＴＣ特性。     

湿化学法制备超细粉末过程中的团聚机理及消除方法

超细粉末由于具有独特的物理和化学特性,已经被广泛应用于各行各业之中。开发制备超细粉末的方法越来越多,其中湿化学法制备超细粉末具有显著的优点：原料成本低,设备、工艺简单,生产的粉末纯度高、粒度小,粉度分布范围窄,粒度组成可控性好。但是湿化学法制备粉末过...     

Y2O3,CeO2掺杂的Mg-PSZ陶瓷材料研究

采用传统的陶瓷工艺制备少量掺杂Ｙ２Ｏ３,ＣｅＯ２的Ｍｇ－ＰＳＺ陶瓷,材料在较低的温度下烧结致密并实现了微晶化,探讨了Ｙ２Ｏ３,ＣｅＯ２的复合稳定作用和１１００℃热处理过程对材料相组成、显微结构和力学性能的影响。经１１００℃适当时间热处理,Ｙ２Ｏ３,ＣｅＯ２的复合稳定作用有效报制亚共析分解反应发生,优化调整ｃ－ＺｒＯ２晶粒中的ｔ－ＺｒＯ２析出体成核长大过程。断裂特征为穿晶、沿晶兼有,相变增韧和微裂纹     

低温烧结NaBi(WO4)2陶瓷的介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了NaBi(WO₄)₂(NBW)陶瓷,研究了NBW陶瓷的相结构、形貌、烧结特性和微波介电性能。NBW陶瓷在625～800℃烧结1～4 h能够致密化。X射线衍射表明在625～800℃烧结2 h的NBW陶瓷均为四方晶系白钨矿结构的单相陶瓷。随着烧结温度的提高,NBW陶瓷的介电常数、品质因数(Qf值)先增加后降低,谐振频率温度系数逐渐降低。经650℃烧结2 h获得的NBW陶瓷的介电常数为14.36,Qf值为16 503 GHz,谐振频率温度系数为-1.055×10^-5℃^-1。NBW陶瓷与银共烧反应生成Ag₂W₂O₇相,而与Au、Al共烧具备化学兼容性。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.