生物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应

手性环氧化物在合成上具有重要的应用价值。近年来,制取这些手性合成物的合成方法取得了很大的发展。文章重点讨论了生物催化手性前体烯烃不对称合成光学活性环氧化合物的发展状况。     

光学活性环氧化物的酶催化合成

光学活性环氧化物的酶催化合成①夏仕文尉迟力沈润南李树本②（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室，兰州７３００００）关键词光学活性环氧化物酶催化不对称合成动力学拆分１前言光学活性环氧化物含有两个手性碳，通过选择性开环和官能团转换...     

非血红素铁、锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应研究进展

手性环氧化物是重要的有机反应中间体.金属氧化酶催化的氧化反应通常具有高效、高选择性、反应条件温和和绿色的特点,模拟其中的非血红素铁加氧酶设计合成一系列手性四氮铁锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应成为获得高产率、高对映选择性的手性环氧化物的一个重要方法.本文综述了近年来非血红素手性四氮铁锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的研究进展及相应的机理研究.     

手性salen(Mn)催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的研究进展

烯烃的不对称环氧化物通过选择性开环或者官能团的转化,可以生成一系列有价值的手性化合物,被广泛用作医药、农药、香料等精细化学品的合成中间体.手性Mn(salen)金属配合物被证明是烯烃不对称环氧化最有效的催化剂之一.本文综述了近年来均相手性Mn(salen)催化剂、有机聚合物固载的手性Mn(salen)、无机载体固载手性...     

苯乙烯及其衍生物的生物氨羟化反应用于β-氨基醇的高效合成（英文）

氨基醇是非常重要的手性砌块,广泛用于药物、天然产物、氨基酸及其手性助剂的合成.迄今为止,超过300000种含有此类结构单元的化合物已被报道,其中包括2000多种天然产物、80多种已获批准的药物以及超过100种候选药物.鉴于β-氨基醇的重要作用,对映选择性高效合成β-氨基醇具有非常重大的意义.过去几十年,研究人员一直致力于β-氨基醇高效合成方法的开发.其中,通过利用过量的胺作为胺供体直接与环氧化物进行氨解反应,是合成β-氨基醇最为实用和认可的方法之一.此外,科学家也开发了使用各种路易斯酸或在不同有机溶剂中反应的化学法来提高环氧化物氨解反应的效率.然而,这些方法普遍存在反应温度高、催化剂用量大、催化剂对水敏感以及有机溶剂危害大等缺陷.为了解决这些问题,研究人员进一步开发出了水溶液体系中不依赖催化剂的环氧化物氨解反应,用于氨基醇高效合成.但该方法仍然需要以高反应活性的环氧化物作为起始原料,导致其在选择性控制和后期应用方面存在一定的问题.此外,环氧化物(尤其是手性环氧化物)难以制备,通常需要金属催化剂在苛刻的反应条件下进行.相比之下,以廉价易得的烯烃作为底物,通过Sharpless不对称胺羟化...     

表面上和纳米孔道内以及乳液中的手性催化

多相手性催化是合成手性化合物的有效途径之一,开发高活性、高选择性的多相手性催化剂并应用于不对称催化反应是兼具基础科学和应用科学背景的重要研究方向. 本文综述了近年来具有代表性的固体表面上、纳米孔道内以及手性乳液体系中的多相手性催化研究进展,着重对本实验室近年来在该领域中的探索研究进行了介绍,涉及的重要手性催化反应包括氢化、氢转移、氢甲酰化、环氧化、环氧化物水解动力学拆分、Aldol反应和Diels-Alder反应等. 我们的研究表明,手性修饰纳米粒子催化剂上的手性氢化反应可以获得95% ee以上的手性选择性以及高达 20 000 h-1 的TOF, 手性氢甲酰化反应得到90% ee的手性选择性;在手性催化剂组装的乳液体系中,催化不对称Aldol反应获得高达99% ee的手性选择性,催化活性得到显著提升,乳液氢转移反应的TOF可达3×105 h-1;在纳米孔中多个手性环氧化反应的例子显示出孔道效应能够显著提高手性选择性,并发现在纳米反应器中的环氧化物水解动力学拆分反应显示出催化剂协同活化效应,使催化反应的活性大幅度提高. 本文还讨论了表面、界面上以及孔道中的催化剂组装、孔道限阈以及多中心协同效应等因素对多相手性催化反应性能的影响.     

环氧水解酶在不对称合成中的应用

环氧水解酶是一种普遍存在于生物体内的酶,它能选择性水解环氧生成相应的手性二醇。这种酶在催化反应中通常显示出十分高的对映立体选择性,生成高光学活性的环氧和二醇。近年来国际上采用微生物来源的环氧水解酶对环氧底物进行不对称水解,然后再通过酸处理未开环的环氧化物“一锅法”高产率、高选择性的生成单一构型的手性二醇。这一新发展为这种酶在精细合成工业上的运用开辟了广阔的前景。     

醛和胺原位生成的手性亚胺盐催化的不对称环氧化

光学纯的环氧化物是合成许多药物和天然产物的重要中间体并构成不对称碳碳键的重要合成子 ,因此寻找不对称环氧化反应体系总是有机化学研究的重点和热点[1～ 3 ] .从 Sharpless[4 ] 到 Jacobsen[5] 的手性金属配合物催化体系 ,到杨丹 [6] 和施以安[7] 的手性有机酮催化体系 ,都取得了突破性的进展 ,并在天然产物、药物合成中得到了应用 [1,2 ,8] .但这些体系都有其局限性 ,每一类体系只能适用于某一类烯烃 ,因此开拓适用性更广的不对称环氧化催化剂 ,仍然是对有机化学工作者的挑战 .近年来 ,一种新的体系 ,即用手性亚胺盐或者手性亚胺盐氧…     

手性催化的环氧化物立体选择性开环反应

手性催化的环氧化物立体选择性开环反应可以用来制备多种具光学活性的化合物, 因而成为有机合成中极为重要的方法之一. 多种亲核试剂都已成功应用于此类反应. 综述了近十年来环氧化物的立体选择性开环反应方面的一些最新研究进展.     

非官能化烯烃的不对称催化环氧化反应

手性环氧化合物是有机合成的重要中间体,由于三元杂环的张力使其很容易与各种亲核试剂作用,通过官能团转化反应,可以从环氧化物制备一系列不同结构的手性化合物.烯烃的不对称环氧化反应可以使潜手性的烯烃转化为带有手性碳的环氧化合物,在医药、农药、香料等精细化学品的合成上具有非常重要的意义.非官能化烯烃经手性催化剂诱导的不对称环氧化反应是获得光学纯手性化合物的有效方法.这些手性催化剂包括生物酶、金属卟啉、金属Salen配合物以及有机小分子催化剂.本文综述了这几种催化剂催化的非官能化烯烃不对称催化环氧化反应近几年的研究进展,介绍了催化剂的催化机理,并就其发展趋势提出了构想.     

Mild and Efficient Ring Opening of Epoxides Catalyzed by Potassium Dodecatungstocobaltate(III)

Summary. Efficient ring opening of epoxides under mild conditions is reported. Potassium dodecatungstocobaltate(III) trihydrate was used as an efficient catalyst for the alcoholysis and acetolysis of epoxides. Conversion of epoxides to thiiranes was also performed efficiently in the presence of this catalyst.     

Retro‐Corey‐Chaykovsky Epoxidation: Converting Geminal Disubstituted Epoxides to Ketones

Corey‐Chaykovsky epoxidation has been widely applied in the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to epoxides with sulfonium and sulfoxonium ylides. The reverse transformation is realized for conversion of geminal disubstituted epoxides to ketones in the presence of DABCO in refluxing mesitylene. The method is a weak basic transformation from epoxides to ketones with loss of a methylene group and can be applied as an alternative strategy of the acid‐catalyzed Meinwald rearrangement or oxidation for conversion of epoxides to carbonyl compounds.     

Regio- and stereoselective ring-opening reactions of epoxides with indoles and pyrroles in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol

Aliphatic and aromatic epoxides react regio- and stereoselectively with indoles and pyrroles in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol without the use of a catalyst or any other additive. While aromatic epoxides are selectively attacked at the benzylic position, aliphatic epoxides react at the less-substituted position. Chiral epoxides react with >99 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess).     

Investigation of the catalytic activity of an electron-deficient vanadium(IV) tetraphenylporphyrin: A new, highly efficient and reusable catalyst for ring-opening of epoxides

In this work, the catalytic activity of high-valent tetraphenylporphyrinatovanadium(IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate, [V^IV(TPP)(OTf)₂], in the nucleophilic ring-opening of epoxides is reported. This new V(IV) catalyst was used as an efficient catalyst for alcoholysis with primary (methanol, ethanol and n-propanol), secondary (iso-propanol) and tertiary alcohols (tert-butanol), hydrolysis and acetolysis of epoxides with acetic acid and also for the conversion of epoxides to 1,2-diacetates with acetic anhydride, conversion of epoxides to thiiranes with ammonium thiocyanate and thiourea, and for conversion of epoxides to acetonides with acetone. The catalyst was reused several times without loss of its activity.     

Conversion of epoxides to 1,3-dioxolanes catalyzed by tin(II) chloride

Anhydrous tin(II) chloride is an efficient catalyst for the reaction of epoxides with acetone to prepare 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanes (acetonides) in good to excellent yields. Mono-, di-, and trisubstituted epoxides participate equally well in this diastereospecific reaction. The use of single enantiomer epoxides under the reported conditions results in significant erosion of optical activity.     

Co(III) porphyrin/DMAP: an efficient catalyst system for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides

CoTPP(Cl)/DMAP was found to be a highly active catalyst system for the chemical fixation of CO₂ via reaction with epoxides. The corresponding cyclic carbonate products are produced in high yield and selectivity for a variety of terminal mono and disubstituted epoxides. 1,2-Disubstituted internal epoxides were also investigated as substrates and found to react with very high stereospecificity.     

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aziridino epoxides from cyclic dienes

Two different routes for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aziridino epoxides from cyclic dienes have been explored. The first strategy involves regiospecific aziridination of cyclic diene derivatives and subsequent epoxidation with m-CPBA to yield cis-aziridino epoxides as major products. The second strategy utilizes regiospecific epoxidation of cyclic diene derivatives followed by Sharpless aziridination to provide exclusively trans-aziridino epoxides. Synthesis of both enantiomers of cis-aziridino epoxides from (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-carvones are also reported.     

Multicomponent linchpin couplings. Reaction of dithiane anions with terminal epoxides, epichlorohydrin, and vinyl epoxides: efficient, rapid, and stereocontrolled assembly of advanced fragments for complex molecule synthesis

The development, application, and advantages of a one-flask multicomponent dithiane linchpin coupling protocol, over the more conventional stepwise addition of dithiane anions to electrophiles leading to the rapid, efficient, and stereocontrolled assembly of highly functionalized intermediates for complex molecule synthesis, are described. Competent electrophiles include terminal epoxides, epichlorohydrin, and vinyl epoxides. High chemoselectivity can be achieved with epichlorohydrin and vinyl epoxides. For vinyl epoxides, the steric nature of the dithiane anion is critical; sterically unencumbered dithiane anions afford S(N)2 adducts, whereas encumbered anions lead primarily to SN2' adducts. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the SN2' process occurs via syn addition to the vinyl epoxide. Integration of the multicomponent tactic with epichlorohydrin and vinyl epoxides permits the higher-order union of four and five components.     

Highly reactive and enantioselective kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides with H2O and HCl catalyzed by new chiral (salen)Co complex linked with Al

The asymmetric hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic terminal epoxides by new easily synthesized dimeric chiral (salen)Co bearing Al, provides a practical and straightforward method for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched terminal epoxides (>99% ee) and diols. An inorganic acid, HCl is applied first time for the asymmetric ring opening reaction of terminal epoxides. Reactions are conveniently carried out at room temperature under an air atmosphere.     

Asymmetric hydrolytic kinetic resolution with recyclable macrocyclic Co(III)-salen complexes: a practical strategy in the preparation of (R)-mexiletine and (S)-propranolol

A chiral cobalt(III) complex (1e) was synthesized by the interaction of cobalt(II) acetate and ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate with a chiral dinuclear macrocyclic salen ligand that was derived from 1R,2R-(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with trigol bis-aldehyde. A variety of epoxides and glycidyl ethers were suitable substrates for the reaction with water in the presence of chiral macrocyclic salen complex 1e at room temperature to afford chiral epoxides and diols by hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR). Excellent yields (47% with respect to the epoxides, 53% with respect to the diols) and high enantioselectivity (ee>99% for the epoxides, up to 96% for the diols) were achieved in 2.5-16 h. The Co(III) macrocyclic salen complex (1e) maintained its performance on a multigram scale and was expediently recycled a number of times. We further extended our study of chiral epoxides that were synthesized by using HKR to the synthesis of chiral drug molecules (R)-mexiletine and (S)-propranolol.