MCM-48固载手性salen Mn(III)催化苯乙烯环氧化反应

手性salenMn(III)化合物是非常有效的烯烃不对称环氧化催化剂[1],近年来对它的非均相化研究越来越受到大家的关注[2-4].以聚合物为载体固载salen Mn(III)化合物的研究已经取得了很大的进展,相对的无机载体的研究要少得多.本文首次将手性salen Mn(III)化合物固载到介孔分子筛MCM     

多相对映体选择性环氧化催化剂Mn(salen)/MCM-41的合成

 对于非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应，手性Mn(salen)Cl配合物是性能优异的催化剂。本文采用了一种新的方法将其固载到无机载体的表面上。从对溴苯酚出发，经三甲基氯硅烷保护酚羟基，合成了酚羟基被保护的硅烷化试剂，与无机载体进行反应，然后选择性水解，可以在无机载体的表面嫁接上酚羟基。通过Mn(salen)阳离子与酚氧阴离子的相互作用，将手性Mn(salen)配合物固载到无机载体的表面上，合成了无机载体嫁接的手性Mn(salen)催化剂。     

胺基修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)高效催化非功能化烯烃不对称环氧化反应（英文）

手性环氧化物是用途很广的中间体,通过区域和立体选择性开环反应,手性环氧化物能转化为多种对映纯的手性化合物.烯烃不对称环氧化反应是制备光学活性环氧化物的重要途径,在医药、农药和香料等精细化学品合成中具有非常重要的意义.由于salen Mn(III)化合物在非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应中表现出高的催化活性和对映选择性,以及相对于均相手性催化,非均相手性催化具有产品易于分离和催化剂可重复利用等优点,因而成为手性催化领域的研究热点.近年来关于手性salen Mn(III)化合物的固载化研究受到广泛关注.虽然均相Mn(salen)催化剂在不对称环氧化反应方面已取得很大进展,但是在反应后处理、催化剂分离回收以及产品纯化方面也存在一定缺陷.多相salen Mn(III)催化体系与均相催化体系相比,具有催化剂易分离回收、环境友好、产物易纯化、操作成本低和可以使用连续流反应器以及大规模生产等优点.因为在均相催化体系中,Mn(salen)Cl可能形成无活性的μ-oxo-Mn(IV)二聚体,而将salen Mn(III)催化剂固载后则可以抑制这种二聚体的形成,并且将salen Mn(III)催化剂多相化之后还可以促使活性位点的分离,进而增加催化剂的稳定性和保持单催化活性中心的高催化活性.本课题组近年来探索了磷酸锆与聚苯乙烯这类典型的有机功能高分子的复合,制备了一系列有机-无机杂化材料如聚(苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-IPPA)和聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-PVPA),以这一系列材料为载体,通过对载体中的苯环进行氯甲基化,再接枝磺烃基、胺基或苯氧基等连接基团制备了多种非均相手性salen Mn(III)催化剂.所制备的这些多相催化剂在催化活性、稳定性和循环使用性等方面显示出优良性能.本文在上述研究基础上,在ZnPS-PVPA的苯环上引入氯甲基,然后通过接枝芳香二胺和脂肪二胺最后轴向配位固载手性salen Mn(III),实现了手性salen-Mn(III)均相催化剂的多相化.并运用FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRD,TG,TEM,SEM和N2吸附-脱附等测试手段对多相催化剂进行了表征.分别以NaClO、m-CPBA和NaIO_4为氧化体系考察了固载手性salen-Mn(III)催化剂催化苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯及茚的不对称环氧化反应的性能,对不同的氧化体系存有选择性;同时考察了温度、时间及溶剂等因素对催化性能的影响.考察了不同连接基团修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载的手性salen-Mn(III)在催化烯烃环氧化方面是否具有很好的催化性能和对映选择性.考察了助催化剂在不同的氧化体系中是否扮演着不同的角色.催化数据显示,助催化剂NMO和咪唑在催化反应中起着不同的作用.在m-CPBA氧化体系中,添加助催化剂NMO不但不能改善催化性能反而降低催化活性;在NaIO_4氧化体系中,添加助催化剂咪唑略微改善了催化性能.选择催化效果最好的催化剂在m-CPBA催化体系中考察其重复使用性能,结果表明,多相催化剂经过9次循环使用,仍然显示出较好的催化性能.选择催化性能最好的多相催化剂进行环氧化反应的放大反应,结果显示,当放大倍数达到100倍时仍显示出与实验计量相当的催化性能,其转化率和ee值最高均可超过99%,具有潜在的工业应用价值.     

胺基修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)高效催化非功能化烯烃不对称环氧化反应

手性环氧化物是用途很广的中间体,通过区域和立体选择性开环反应,手性环氧化物能转化为多种对映纯的手性化合物.烯烃不对称环氧化反应是制备光学活性环氧化物的重要途径,在医药、农药和香料等精细化学品合成中具有非常重要的意义.由于salen Mn(Ⅲ)化合物在非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应中表现出高的催化活性和对映选择性,以及相对于均相手性催化,非均相手性催化具有产品易于分离和催化剂可重复利用等优点,因而成为手性催化领域的研究热点.近年来关于手性salenMn(Ⅲ)化合物的固载化研究受到广泛关注.虽然均相Mn(salen)催化剂在不对称环氧化反应方面已取得很大进展,但是在反应后处理、催化剂分离回收以及产品纯化方面也存在一定缺陷.多相salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化体系与均相催化体系相比,具有催化剂易分离回收、环境友好、产物易纯化、操作成本低和可以使用连续流反应器以及大规模生产等优点.因为在均相催化体系中,Mn(salen)Cl可能形成无活性的μ-oxo-Mn(Ⅳ)二聚体,而将salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂固载后则可以抑制这种二聚体的形成,并且将salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂多相化之后还可以促使活性位点的分离,进而增加催化剂的稳定性和保持单催化活性中心的高催化活性.本课题组近年来探索了磷酸锆与聚苯乙烯这类典型的有机功能高分子的复合,制备了一系列有机-无机杂化材料如聚(苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-IPPA)和聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-PVPA),以这一系列材料为载体,通过对载体中的苯环进行氯甲基化,再接枝磺烃基、胺基或苯氧基等连接基团制备了多种非均相手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂.所制备的这些多相催化剂在催化活性、稳定性和循环使用性等方面显示出优良性能.本文在上述研究基础上,在ZnPS-PVPA的苯环上引入氯甲基,然后通过接枝芳香二胺和脂肪二胺最后轴向配位固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ),实现了手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)均相催化剂的多相化.并运用FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRD,TG,TEM,SEM和N2吸附-脱附等测试手段对多相催化剂进行了表征.分别以NaClO、m-CPBA和NaIO4为氧化体系考察了固载手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂催化苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯及茚的不对称环氧化反应的性能,对不同的氧化体系存有选择性;同时考察了温度、时间及溶剂等因素对催化性能的影响.考察了不同连接基团修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载的手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)在催化烯烃环氧化方面是否具有很好的催化性能和对映选择性.考察了助催化剂在不同的氧化体系中是否扮演着不同的角色.催化数据显示,助催化剂NMO和咪唑在催化反应中起着不同的作用.在m-CPBA氧化体系中,添加助催化剂NMO不但不能改善催化性能反而降低催化活性;在NaIO4氧化体系中,添加助催化剂咪唑略微改善了催化性能.选择催化效果最好的催化剂在m-CPBA催化体系中考察其重复使用性能,结果表明,多相催化剂经过9次循环使用,仍然显示出较好的催化性能.选择催化性能最好的多相催化剂进行环氧化反应的放大反应,结果显示,当放大倍数达到100倍时仍显示出与实验计量相当的催化性能,其转化率和ee值最高均可超过99％,具有潜在的工业应用价值.     

共缩聚法制备的咪唑官能化介孔材料固载手性Mn（Ⅲ）salen催化烯烃环氧化反应

采用共缩聚法制备的咪唑官能化介孔材料共价固载手性Mn（Ⅲ）salen络合物,得到的催化剂中活性组分以离子物种的形式存在．XRD、FrlR、DRUV-vis和N2吸附的结果表明,手性Mn（Ⅲ）salen络合物被成功固载在了载体的孔道中,并且得到的催化剂保持了介孔载体的特征孔道结构．该非均相催化剂在非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应中表现出了与相应的均相催化剂相当的催化活性和对映选择性．并且,采用较少用量的非均相催化剂即能在较短的反应时间内得到很高的催化活性,这可能与催化剂中活性组分的离子性能以及均匀分布有关．     

MCM-48固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化苯乙烯环氧化反应

手性salen Mn（Ⅲ）化合物是非常有效的烯烃不对称环氧化催化剂，近年来对它的非均相化研究越来越受到大家的关注悼圳．以聚合物为载体固载salenMn （Ⅲ）化合物的研究已经取得了很大的进展，相对的无机载体的研究要少得多．本文首次将手性salen Mn（Ⅲ）化合物固载到介孔分子筛MCM-48上，采用FT-IR、XRD、UV-Vis、GC等手段进行表征，并用苯乙烯的环氧化反应表征了其催化活性．     

酚氧基修饰的AlPS-PVPA固载手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂的合成及催化烯烃不对称环氧化研究

以有机共聚物-无机杂化材料聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸铝(AlPS-PVPA)为载体,酚氧基为连接基团,轴向配位手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)制备了新型固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂,并运用FT-IR,UV-vis,XPS,SEM,TG,元素分析等手段对其进行了表征.以m-CPBA为氧化剂,茚和α-甲基苯乙烯为底物,考察了催化剂对非功能化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明,在相同的条件下,固载催化剂3a~3d在不加助催化剂NMO时显示出了优良的催化活性,其转化率和ee值均比添加了轴向配体NMO时有很大的提高(ee%,99.2 vs.45.9;conv%,98.6 vs.64.6),这种现象与大多数文献报道相反.此外,催化剂容易分离,且回收使用9次仍能保持较好的催化活性.     

通过接枝苄基磺酸在MCM-41上固载手性Mn(salen)配合物

首先通过两步后合成处理,在MCM-41上接枝苄基磺酸;然后,以苄基磺酸为过渡产物,用手性Mn(salen)配合物修饰处理,得到了苄基磺酸轴向负载手性Mn(salen)配合物的MCM-41;实现了在廉价且温和条件下均相手性Mn(salen)催化剂的非均相化。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N₂吸附-脱附、红外光谱、热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)分析、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)和酸度滴定等对样品进行了表征。结果表明,手性Mn(salen)配合物成功固载在MCM-41上,且MCM-41的介孔结构和Mn(salen)配合物的手性特征仍然保留。以间氯过氧苯甲酸为氧化剂,考察了所得固载型催化剂对α-甲基苯乙烯的不对称环氧化催化性能,结果表明在0 ℃反应2 h,催化剂用量为0.02 mmol,无需加入轴向配体N-甲基吗啉氮氧化物(NMO)的条件下对映体过量(enantiomeric excess,e.e.)值可达99%以上,转化率为77%。归因于苄基磺酸基起到了很好的轴向配体作用。经适当处理,固载型催化剂在循环使用5次后e.e.值依然有71%,表现出较好的活性和重复使用性能。     

通过接枝苄基磺酸在MCM-41上固载手性Mn(salen)配合物

首先通过两步后合成处理,在MCM-41上接枝苄基磺酸;然后,以苄基磺酸为过渡产物,用手性Mn(salen)配合物修饰处理,得到了苄基磺酸轴向负载手性Mn(salen)配合物的MCM-41;实现了在廉价且温和条件下均相手性Mn(salen)催化剂的非均相化。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N2吸附-脱附、红外光谱、热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)分析、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)和酸度滴定等对样品进行了表征。结果表明,手性Mn(salen)配合物成功固载在MCM-41上,且MCM-41的介孔结构和Mn(salen)配合物的手性特征仍然保留。以间氯过氧苯甲酸为氧化剂,考察了所得固载型催化剂对α-甲基苯乙烯的不对称环氧化催化性能,结果表明在0℃反应2 h,催化剂用量为0.02 mmol,无需加入轴向配体N-甲基吗啉氮氧化物(NMO)的条件下对映体过量(enantiomeric excess,e.e.)值可达99%以上,转化率为77%。归因于苄基磺酸基起到了很好的轴向配体作用。经适当处理,固载型催化剂在循环使用5次后e.e.值依然有71%,表现出较好的活性和重复使用性能。     

不对称催化环氧化反应

本文综述了不对称催化环氧化体系的研究进展。重点评述了Sharpless-Kat-suki不对称环氧化反应的特点、机理、新进展与应用,综合分析了由手性(salen)Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂对非功能化烯烃所创建的突出成果与应用前景。     

Axially coordinated chiral salen Mn(iii) anchored onto azole onium modified ZnPS-PVPA as effective catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins

A series of chiral salen Mn(iii) immobilized onto azole onium modified zinc poly(styrene-phenylvinyl phosphonate)-phosphate (ZnPS-PVPA) were prepared. The catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, diffusion reflection UV-vis, AAS, N(2) volumetric adsorption, SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, TG and elemental analysis. The results showed that the chiral salen Mn(iii) complex was successfully immobilized onto ZnPS-PVPA. These prepared catalysts were evaluated in the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins with m-CPBA and NaIO(4) as oxidants and demonstrated higher catalytic activities than those of the corresponding homogeneous chiral salen Mn(iii) catalyst under the same conditions. Moreover, these heterogeneous catalysts were stable and could be recycled nine times without significant loss of activity. Furthermore, this novel type of catalyst could also be validly used in large-scale reactions with superior catalytic disposition being maintained at the same level, which indicated the potential for applications in industry.     

A novel layered organic polymer-inorganic hybrid zinc poly (styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate immobilized chiral salen Mn(III) catalyst large-scale asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins

A novel layered organic polymer-inorganic hybrid zinc poly (styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate (ZnPS-PVPA) has been synthesized under mild conditions and diphenol-modified ZnPS-PVPA was used to successfully immobilize the chiral salen Mn(III) by axial coordination. The obtained heterogeneous chiral catalysts exhibited excellent activities and enantioselectivities using sodium periodate as an oxidant for asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins, especially for the epoxidation of α-methylstyrene (conversion: up to 97%; ee: exceed 99%). Moreover, these synthesized catalysts were relatively stable and could be expediently separated from the reaction system, and could be recycled at least ten times without obvious loss of activity and enantioselectivity. These novel catalysts could be efficiently used in large-scale reactions with the enantioselectivity being maintained at the same level, which offer a great possibility for application in industry.     

Synthesis of new binol based [1+1] macrocyclic chiral manganese(III) Schiff bases as catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation

A series of new chiral binol based [1+1] macrocyclic Schiff bases have been synthesized in high yields in short reaction times via cyclo-condensation of dialdehydes with long tethers and chiral diamines. Macrocyclic Mn(salen) complexes containing N₂O₂ salen units incorporated with spacers of increased tether lengths were synthesized and characterized. The newly synthesized catalyst system was successfully employed for the enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins with high yields and good enantioselectivity.     

Chiral Mn(III) salen complex immobilized on imidazole-modified mesoporous material via co-condensation method as an effective catalyst for olefin epoxidation

An imidazole modified mesoporous material has been prepared through a co-condensation procedure and adopted to covalently anchor chiral Mn(III) salen complex. The active centers in the as-synthesized catalyst were presented in the form of ionic species. The results of XRD, FTIR, DRUV-Vis, and N₂ sorption confirmed the successful immobilization of chiral Mn(III) salen complex inside the channels of the modified support and the maintenance of the mesoporous structure of parent support in the immobilized catalyst. This heterogeneous catalyst exhibited comparable catalytic activity and enantioselectivity to those of the homogeneous counterpart in the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. Furthermore, notably high turnover frequencies have been obtained over this heterogeneous catalyst for the relatively short reaction time and low catalyst amount, due in part to the ionic property as well as the uniform distribution of the active centers.     

Enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalised olefins catalyzed by Mn(salen) complexes immobilized in porous materials via phenyl sulfonic group

Heterogeneous chiral Mn(salen) catalysts axially immobilized on mesoporous materials via phenyl sulfonic groups result in remarkably higher ee values (up to 95%) for asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalised olefins.     

Asymmetric epoxidation of 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene on Mn(salen) catalyst immobilized in mesoporous materials

This article reports our recent work on the heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation catalyzed by chiral Mn(salen) catalyst axially immobilized via phenoxyl groups and organic sulfonic groups. The asymmetric epoxidation of 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene was especially presented in detail. The factors that affected the asymmetric induction, such as the nanopores and the external surface, the linkage length, and the modification of nanopores with methyl groups were discussed. It was found that the enantioselectivities increased with decreasing the nanopore sizes or increasing the linkage length in nanopore, and the Mn(salen) catalyst immobilized into nanopores generally gave higher ee values than those on the external surface. The heterogeneous Mn(salen) catalysts with modified nanopores gave a TOF of 14.8 h⁻¹ and an ee value of 90.6% for the asymmetric epoxidation of 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene, which were higher than the results (TOF 10.8 h⁻¹, ee 80.1%) obtained for the homogeneous catalyst.     

A new heterogeneous chiral (salen)manganese(III) system for enantioselective epoxidation of non‐functionalized olefins

This communication describes the design and application of a novel catalytic epoxidation system derived from the initial immobilization of a homogeneous sulfonato (salen)Mn(III) complex on two solid carriers (silica gel and siliceous earth) and subsequent dispersion of the supported manganese complexes into ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMImPF₆) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF₄) for recycling. The performance of chiral (salen)Mn(III) system in enantioselective epoxidation of olefins was investigated systematically. Even higher enantioselectivity than that of the homogeneous counterpart was obtained with similar catalytic activity. In particular, the best catalytic result is that the combination of the silica gel‐supported (salen)Mn(III) catalyst and BMImPF₆ affords 97–100% ee for epoxidation of α‐methylstyrene, and high ee values were retained even after three cycles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chiral Jacobsen's catalyst immobilized on zinc poly(styrene‐phenylvinylphosphonate)‐phosphate functionalized by diamine as highly efficient and reusable catalyst for alkene epoxidation

Chiral Jacobsen's catalyst anchored on zinc poly(styrene‐phenylvinylphosphonate)‐phosphate (ZnPS‐PVPA) functionalized by diamines shows superior catalytic activities (conversion up to 99%; enantiomeric excess up to 99%) in the enantioselective epoxidations of unfunctional olefins with m ‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid and NaIO₄ as oxidants. The whole chiral salen Mn(III) catalyst, including the ZnPS‐PVPA support and the linker as well as chiral salen Mn ligand together contribute to the chirality of products. The heterogeneous catalyst has the potential for use in industry owing to superior stability (recycling nine times) and activity in large‐scale reactions (such as 200 times).     

Probing the reactivity of oxomanganese-salen complexes: an electrospray tandem mass spectrometric study of highly reactive intermediates

Electrospray ionization in combination with tandem mass spectrometric techniques has been employed to study the formation of oxomanganese-salen complexes upon oxidation of [Mn(III)(salen)]+ cations as well as the properties and reactions of the oxidized species in the gas phase. Two species could be characterized as the principal oxidation products: the oxomanganese(v) complex, [Mn=O(salen)]+, which is the actual oxygen-transfer agent in epoxidation reactions, and the dinuclear, mu-oxo bridged [L(salen)Mn-O-Mn(salen)L]2+ with two terminal ligands L; the latter acts as a reservoir species. The effects of various substituents in the 5- and 5'-positions, respectively, of the salen ligand on the reactivity of the epoxidation catalyst were determined quantitatively from CID (collision-induced dissociation) experiments and B3LYP density functional calculations. Accordingly, the effect of axial donor ligands on the reactivity of the epoxidation catalyst was studied. Electron-withdrawing substitutents on the salen ligand and additional axial ligands decrease the stability and thus enhance the reactivity of the Mn=O moiety, while electron-donating salen substituents have a strong stabilizing effect.     

An effective approach for the immobilization of chiral Mn(III) salen complexes through a supported ionic liquid phase

An effective method based on supported ionic liquid system was employed to immobilize chiral Mn(III) salen complexes. The prepared heterogeneous catalysts exhibited excellent activity and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. Especially, in the epoxidation of α-methylstyrene, both the conversion and ee value could exceed 99%. Furthermore, the immobilized catalysts were stable and could be recycled three times without loss of activities.