微波皂化萃取气相色谱法测定生物样品中的多氯联苯

１引言 多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）的性质稳定、毒性大,贻贝等海洋生物能摄取和富集海水中的ＰＣＢｓ,因此研究其中ＰＣＢｓ的测定具有重要意义。生物样品中 ＰＣＢｓ的测定一般要进行预分离处理,索氏萃取分离 ＰＣＢｓ耗时至少８ｈ,加碱皂化生物组织再以液－液萃取提取ＰＣＢｓ需要在沸水浴中回流１～２ｈ,微波直接革取能有效地分离环境样品中的ＰＣＢｓ。本文利用微波皂化萃取（ＭＡＳＥ）气相色谱法（ＧＣ）测定生物样品中的多氯联苯,实验以未受ＰＣＢｓ污染的淡水鱼为空白,用正交试验系统优化了微波功率、微波加热时间、皂化及萃取溶…     

用微波辅助皂化GC-MS法测定血清中的胆固醇

研究了微波辅助皂化－气相色谱－质谱联用（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）测定血清中胆固醇的分析方法。用０．４ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＯＨ－甲醇溶液为皂化液,在６００Ｗ微波功率下接受辐射３０ｓ皂化血清样品,选正庚烷为提取液。通过与水浴皂化法、酶学分光光度法比较,表明该法快速、溶剂用量少、准确、重现性好,方法的检出限为０．０１１ｍｇ,特别适用于生物、食品、体液等大量样品中胆固醇的测定,可快速为临床医学及生物工程等提供诊断数据。     

P204萃取剂皂化过程中的物理化学性质及相区变化

Ｐ２０４萃取剂皂化过程中的物理化学性质及相区变化曾平,王贵清（湘潭大学化学系,湘潭,４１１１０５）关键词皂化Ｐ２０４萃取剂,物理化学性质,相区,微乳状液二－（２－乙基己基）磷酸（简称Ｐ２０４或ＨＡ）是一种良好的工业螫合萃取剂,在湿法冶金中得到广泛应用...     

微波皂化返滴定法快速测定白酒中的总酯

研究了在密封条件下微波皂化返滴法测定白酒中总酯的各种影响因素，建立了快速测定白酒中总酯的新方法。微波功率为中档（400W），皂化时间为5min。用于3种香型白酒样品中总酯的测定，RSD≤2．6％，加标回收率为96．1％－105．9％     

引入阻断剂的硫酸稀土皂化萃取工艺研究

硫酸稀土溶液是稀土分离过程中的重要中间产品,皂化剂引入的Na+,NH4+等离子易导致硫酸稀土复盐沉淀,制约了皂化萃取剂在硫酸体系中萃取稀土元素的工业应用。提出了一个在硫酸体系中引入阻断剂实现皂化萃取稀土的工艺设想,并给出了阻断剂的选取方法。利用萃取分离过程中一价阳离子、阻断剂离子和稀土离子按萃取顺序在槽体中形成的自然分布,隔断一价阳离子与稀土离子的接触,从而避免了难溶硫酸稀土复盐的生成,为工业实现硫酸体系皂化萃取稀土提供了可能。     

酸性磷萃取剂在皂化过程中的结构变化与萃合物的组成

本文研究了酸性磷酸酯(D2EHPA等)皂化过程和萃取前后有机相结构的变化,证实了酸性磷酸酯萃取剂在皂化过程中生成微乳状液,进一步阐明萃取稀土离子时,在微乳状液的油水界面上发生离子交换反应,生成具有螫合型结构的萃合物,同时伴随着有机相中微乳状液的破乳过程。在用完全皂化的D2EHPA-仲辛醇-煤油溶液萃取二价离子时,得到萃取有机相中苹合物的组成为MA²,而不是通常认为的MA₂·2HA,从而可以提高萃取容量。     

含脂肪食品中植物甾醇含量的气相色谱法测定

建立了一种利用气相色谱测定含脂肪食品中植物甾醇含量的方法。样品加入β－胆固醇作内标,70℃下在KOH－EtOH溶液中皂化1h,用正己烷萃取,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定甾醇含量。该法具有良好的准确度和精确度。     

HEHEHP-HCl-NaAC体系萃取铥的机制研究

针对工业上广泛应用的氨水皂化HEHEHP[2-乙基己基磷酸单乙基己基脂]萃取剂分离稀土元素产生含有很高浓度NH+4的废水,对环境污染严重的问题,通过在稀土氯化物溶液中加入配合剂醋酸钠(CH3COONa),采用非皂化的HEHEHP萃取剂萃取重稀土元素Tm。研究了该体系中水相酸度、有机相浓度、乙酸钠浓度等因素对Tm3+分配比的影响。结果表明:HEHEHP-HCl-Na AC体系对Tm3+萃取过程遵循阳离子交换机制;萃取液中形成的乙酸-乙酸盐缓冲溶液能够维持萃取水相酸度恒定,萃取过程中有机相不再需要皂化,有效避免HEHEHP皂化产生含NH+4废水污染环境的问题。     

稀土与酸性萃取剂形成的溶液聚集态结构

用Fourier变换红外光谱(FT—IR)和光子相关光谱(PCS)研究了皂化的有机磷酸酯类萃取剂和环烷酸萃取剂在正庚烷或正庚烷与2-辛醇的混合溶剂中所形成的聚集物,以及萃取稀土元素后有机相聚集物的变化.结果表明,有机磷酸酯在正庚烷中皂化后形成反向胶团((?)_h<5.0nm),其平均流体力学半径与萃取剂分子的长度相当;2-辛醇的加入可增大反向胶团的粒径.环烷酸皂化后能在混合溶剂中形成W/O型微乳状液(5.0 nm<(?)_h<100 nm).皂化萃取剂萃取稀土元素后,有机相中形成不稳定的聚集物,继而产生聚凝.讨论了聚凝过程的可能机理.     

微波技术在有机合成中的应用

评述了微波加热技术在有机合物的烃基化，酯化和皂化，磺化，烯烃加成，Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ缩合，氧化，环化与开环及重排等反应中的应用，参考文献７３篇。     

Analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls in waters and wastewaters using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A method was developed for viable and rapid determination of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water samples with vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At first, the most suitable extraction solvent and extraction solvent volume were determined. Later, the parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as vortex extraction time, rotational speed of the vortex, and ionic strength of the sample were optimized by using a 2(3) factorial experimental design. The optimized extraction conditions for 5 mL water sample were as follows: extractant solvent 200 μL of chloroform; vortex extraction time of 2 min at 3000 rpm; centrifugation 5 min at 4000 rpm, and no ionic strength. Under the optimum condition, limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.36 to 0.73 ng/L. Mean recoveries of PCBs from fortified water samples are 96% for three different fortification levels and RSDs of the recoveries are below 5%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of PCBs in real water and wastewater samples such as tap, well, surface, bottled waters, and municipal, treated municipal, and industrial wastewaters. The performance of the proposed method was compared with traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of real water samples and the results show that efficiency of proposed method is comparable to the LLE. However, the proposed method offers several advantages, i.e. reducing sample requirement for measurement of target compounds, less solvent consumption, and reducing the costs associated with solvent purchase and waste disposal. It is also viable, rapid, and easy to use for the analyses of PCBs in water samples by using GC-MS.     

微波消解同时衍生化GC-MS法测定血浆中脂肪酸的研究

研究了利用微波能对样品进行加热, 以Ｈ２ＳＯ４ － 甲苯－ 甲醇体系作衍生化试剂, 在消化的同时对血浆中的脂肪酸进行衍生化, 然后用ＧＣ－ ＭＳ 法测定血浆中脂肪酸。 对微波功率、微波加热时间、消解及衍生化试剂等条件进行了优化, 测定结果较好。该法整个消化及衍生化过程只需２ ｍｉｎ , 与传统方法相比大大缩短了实验操作时间, 特别适用于大量样品的测定。     

用反相高效液相色谱法分离和测定丁烯二酸的顺反异构体

建立了分离和测定丁烯二酸的２个异构体－顺丁烯二酸和反丁烯二酸的反相高效液相色谱法。以Ｓｈｉｍ－ｐａｃｋ ＣＬＣ－ＯＤＳ柱为分析柱,以甲醇－水（体积比５：２）,用磷酸调至ｐＨ３．０）为流动相,流速０．７ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ,检测波长为２２０ｎｍ,外标法定量。顺、反丁烯二酸的检出限分别为０．１０和０．０７５ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｓ／Ｎ＝２）;相对标准偏差分别为０．４７％和０．５４％（ｎ＝３）。二者的线性范围均为１０～６０     

植物内源激素的反相高效液相色谱法测定

报道了以6－N－苄基腺嘌呤（BA）为内标的反相高效液相色谱法测定玉米素（ZT）、赤霉素（GA3）、激动素（KT）、3－吲哚乙酸（IAA）和脱落酸（ABA）等5种植物内源激素的条件;采用μBondapakC18柱、乙腈－甲醇－0．6％（φ）乙酸流动相、检测波长254nm,建立了一种从植物中提取5种激素的样品处理方法,并测定了马铃薯块茎中的5种植物内源激素的含量。     

Optimization of Soxtec Extraction for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Mussel and Comparison with Soxhlet Extraction,Accelerated Solvent Extraction,and Microwave Assisted Extraction

An on-line Soxtec extraction and cleanup method is optimized for PCBs determination in mussel samples. Soxtec extraction conditions have been optimized using two factorial designs. Optimized extraction parameters were sample weight, anhydrous sodium sulfate weight, solvent volume, alumina weight, and boiling and rinsing times. The results suggest that all PCBs congeners extracted by Soxtec appeared statistically affected by solvent volume. Soxtec quantitative recoveries (8– ?115%) were achieved for all PCBs and method precision (RSD <12%) was satisfactory. The optimized method is compared with three different applied extraction methods, Soxhlet, accelerated solvent extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. This latter presents the cleanup step on column or assisted by polypropylene membranes. The extraction effectiveness of the four different applied extraction methods for the determination of PCBs in mussel was similar.     

土壤与沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的气相色谱-质谱法快速分析

建立了土壤和沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的快速分析方法.样品经加速溶剂萃取,Bond ElutPCB SPE小柱净化后,采用气相色谱-质谱测定多氯联苯的总量,方法的平均回收率为84% ～106%,相对标准偏差为4.2% ～8.4%,多氯联苯总量的方法检出限为2.25 ng/g.该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于大部分土壤及沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的快速筛查分析.     

Microwave‐assisted extraction followed by RP‐HPLC for the simultaneous extraction and determination of forsythiaside A,rutin, and phillyrin in the fruits of Forsythia suspensa

An optimized microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method and RP‐HPLC method were developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of rutin, forsythiaside A, and phillyrin in the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The key parameters of the open‐vessel MAE process were optimized. A mixed solvent of methanol and water (70:30, v/v) was most suitable for the simultaneous extraction of the three components. The sample was soaked for 10 min before extraction. The optimized conditions were: microwave power 400 W, temperature 70°C, solvent‐to‐material ratio 30 mL/g, and extraction time 1 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, the proposed method can simultaneously extract the three components in high yields and was proved to be a more rapid method with a lower solvent consumption. The optimized HPLC–photodiode array detection analysis was validated to have good linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The developed MAE followed by RP‐HPLC is a fast and appropriate method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of rutin, forsythiaside A, and phillyrin in the fruits of F. suspensa.     

Analysis of hexachlorocyclohexanes in aquatic samples by one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction (HS-CT-LPME) technique was applied for the one-step sample extraction of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) from aqueous samples with complicate matrices, followed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis with electron capture detector (ECD). Microwave heating was applied to accelerate the evaporation of HCHs into the headspace and an external-cooling system was used to control the temperature in the sampling zone for HS-LPME. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as LPME solvent, sampling position and temperature, microwave power and irradiation time (the same as sampling time), sample pH, and salt addition were thoroughly investigated. From experimental results, the following conditions were selected for the extraction of HCHs from 10-mL water sample (pH 2.0) by using 1-octanol as the LPME solvent, with sampling done at 38 °C for 6 min under 167 W of microwave irradiation. The detections were linear in the concentration of 0.1–10 μg/L for α-HCH and γ-HCH, and 1–100 μg/L for β-HCH and δ-HCH. Detection limits were 0.05, 0.4, 0.03 and 0.1 μg/L for α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH, respectively. Environmental water samples were analyzed with recovery between 86.4% and 102.4% for farm-field water, and between 92.2% and 98.6% for river water. The proposed method proved to serve as a simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, and eco-friendly procedure for the determination of HCHs in aqueous samples.     

Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in ash samples

An alternative method for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ash samples, which is less time and solvent consuming than Soxhlet extraction, is presented. A study was carried out to evaluate the possibilities of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to determine exactly which parameters affect the efficiency of the process, since direct extrapolation of extraction conditions for PCBs in other solid matrices, failed when applied to coplanar congeners in ash samples. Influence of the organic solvent on the yield of the extraction was first evaluated using two ash samples with different percentages of carbon. Once the extraction solvent was fixed, the effects of solvent volume, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated using an experimental design. It was found that the volume of organic solvent played a more important role in the extraction efficiency than the other factors. In the optimal conditions microwave extractions were performed at 110 degrees C. for 10 min and using 30 ml of toluene. Recoveries higher than 80% were obtained for all the highly chlorinated congeners. including coplanar species, in a spiked ash sample containing a relatively high concentration of carbon. The proposed method was also applied to the determination of PCBs in a reference material of urban dust. Recoveries were similar to those obtained for spiked ash samples.