FeZSM-5/N2O催化氧化苯制苯酚

苯一步氧化制苯酚，是有机物氧化合成中富有挑战性的研究课题之一。该文着重论述了在FeZSM-5及其一系列沸石催化剂上，应用氧化亚氮作为氧化剂使苯直接氧化制苯酚的研究进展。这一系列催化剂体系的特殊之处在于通过氧化亚氮在沸石分子筛上的分解获得具有催化活性的a－氧。详细讨论了在沸石分子筛上形成特殊结构的铁氧化物作为催化活性中心这一观点。由于这种催化体系对苯直接氧化制苯酚的反应有着很高的选择性，因此，这种比较经济和安全的制备苯酚的方法引起了人们的广泛关注。     

氧气直接氧化苯制备苯酚

苯酚是重要的化工原料,其工业生产主要是通过异丙苯氧化法制备,该方法存在制备流程长、消耗丙烯多以及产生大量副产物等不足。苯直接氧化制备苯酚,特别是氧气直接氧化苯制备苯酚,因其步骤少、操作成本低、环境友好等特点已成为苯酚绿色制备的研究热点。本文较为系统地总结了氧气氧化苯液相法合成苯酚的研究工作,综述了该反应体系下的反应机理以及所使用的催化剂、还原剂等;归纳了反应温度、反应压力、还原剂用量及反应溶剂等反应条件对苯酚产率的影响;分析了目前氧气直接氧化苯液相法制苯酚研究中存在的问题,并总结了未来的研究方向。     

《精细化学品催化合成技术(下册):催化合成反应与技术》

《精细化学品催化合成技术》分上、下两册,上册(第1~6章)为"绿色催化技术",下册(第7~14章)为"催化合成反应与技术"。本册(下册)在上册叙述精细化学品合成的绿色催化技术基础上详细介绍了各种类型催化剂参与的各种类型有机合成反应。包括在多孔本体和负载金属催化剂上使用氢气的有机化合物催化加氢和催化加氢裂解反应;在酸碱催化剂上进行精细化学品催化合成反应;使用分子氧和过氧化物作为氧源的催化氧化反应;使用手性辅助试剂催化合成手性化     

FeZSM-5/N2O催化氧化苯制苯酚

苯一步氧化制苯酚,是有机物氧化合成中富有挑战性的研究课题之一。该文着重论述了在FeZSM-5及其一系列沸石催化剂上,应用氧化亚氮作为氧化剂使苯直接氧化制苯酚的研究进展。这一系列催化剂体系的特殊之处在于通过氧化亚氮在沸石分子筛上的分解获得具有催化活性的a－氧。详细讨论了在沸石分子筛上形成特殊结构的铁氧化物作为催化活性中心这一观点。由于这种催化体系对苯直接氧化制苯酚的反应有着很高的选择性,因此,这种比较经济和安全的制备苯酚的方法引起了人们的广泛关注。     

过氧化氢直接氧化苯制备苯酚的多相催化研究进展*

作为一种绿色、洁净的氧化剂,使用过氧化氢直接氧化苯来制备苯酚的过程极具吸引力。综述了分子筛、碳基材料、金属氧化物、金属有机框架等多相催化剂在氧化苯制备苯酚反应中的应用,主要讨论了催化剂的合成路线、反应机理和催化性能,希望能为新的多相催化体系的合理设计提供有益的视角。     

金属卟啉催化氧化2,6-二特丁基苯酚

在不同的催化体系中研究了分子氧氧化2,6-二特丁基苯酚的反应.认为在反应体系中分子氧络合物是活性中间体,它的形成对反应速度和反应对单加氧产物的选择性有影响.     

简便方法合成含铁石墨相氮化碳材料及其催化苯直接羟基化制苯酚（英文）

苯酚是一种重要的基本有机化工原料.全球近90%的苯酚都是经"三步异丙苯法"工艺合成而得,但是该工艺存在单程苯酚收率低(5%)、酸污染严重等不足.同时由于联产丙酮,苯酚的产量也受丙酮市场所制约.由苯经氧化或羟基化一步法合成苯酚是催化化学领域中一项极具挑战的课题.由于苯分子较难活化,而苯酚易于深度氧化,因此研发和设计具有高活性和高选择性的催化剂是该课题的研究核心.因具有诸多特殊的理化性质,石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种新型碳质材料近年来在光催化、热催化、燃料电池和气体吸附等领域展示出广阔的应用前景.g-C_3N_4的类石墨层基本单元为大π共轭的三均三嗪环,对苯分子具有良好的吸附和活化能力.目前,g-C_3N_4(尤其是具有高比表面的介孔材料)在苯Friedel-Crafts烷基化和酰基化反应、苯的CO2氧化等反应中均显示了良好的催化活性.尽管如此,由于缺乏合适的氧化活性中心,纯的g-C_3N_4对苯直接羟基化几乎无催化活性.本课题组曾将乙酰丙酮氧钒和氧化钒负载至介孔g-C_3N_4,发现该类催化剂在H2O2参与的苯直接羟基化反应中,苯转化率高达18%,而苯酚选择性大于95%.然而,此类介孔g-C_3N_4均采用硬模板法合成,制备周期长且需要HF溶液蚀刻氧化硅模板.另外,钒基组分在介孔g-C_3N_4表面也存在着部分溶脱现象.本文以FeCl_3和二氰二胺为前驱体,通过一步热解法直接合成了含铁的g-C_3N_4材料(Fe-g-C_3N_4).采用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、TG、FT-IR、UV-vis、XPS光谱和TEM对材料的理化性质进行表征.结果显示,Fe的原位引入能显著提高g-C_3N_4的比表面积和孔体积,且使其依然保持石墨相结构.同时,富N的g-C_3N_4材料能有效地锚定Fe离子,使其均匀地分散在载体表面.作为多相催化剂,Fe-g-C_3N_4在H_2O_2环境下对苯羟基化合成苯酚的反应表现出较高的催化活性.当反应温度为60°C,其苯酚收率最高可达17.5%,且回收使用多次催化剂活性表现稳定.与之前报道的含铁和负载氧化钒或乙酰丙酮氧钒的g-C_3N_4催化剂材料相比,Fe-g-C_3N_4催化剂制备工艺更加简便.     

氧杂环丁烷的合成

氧杂环丁烷作为一类饱和四元环醚类化合物,不仅是重要的有机合成中间体,也是天然和合成的具有抗癌、抗HIV、抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶等多种生物或药物活性化合物分子结构中的重要活性单元。因此,发展氧杂环丁烷骨架的有效合成方法非常重要。本文以分子内形成C—C键的环化反应、分子内形成C—O键的Williamson醚化反应、烯烃和醛酮[2+2]光环加成反应(Paternò-Büchi反应)、过渡金属催化的形式[2+2]环加成反应、硫叶立德介导的环氧乙烷扩环反应和C—H键氧化环化反应等方面较系统综述了近5年内关于氧杂环丁烷合成方法的新进展。希望本文能为致力于发展构建氧杂环丁烷骨架的有机合成化学家提供一些有价值的信息,以便促进氧杂环丁烷合成方法的发展及应用。     

二酰氧碘苯化合物的制备与应用研究进展

二酰氧碘苯是最具代表性的一类三价碘化合物，在有机合成与药物化学中主要起氧化和偶联作用。本文重点介绍了利用廉价氧化剂Oxone和高级羧酸交换制备二酰氧碘苯及其衍生物的方法，以及该类化合物在氧化反应与偶联反应中的应用。并对二酰氧碘苯化合物的应用前景进行了简要展望。     

分子碘催化的有机化学反应

从有机合成化学的角度，按反应类型综述了分子碘作为催化剂在有机化学中的应用，碘催化的反应主要涉及保护基团的形成和裂解、氧化和还原反应、成环反应、加成反应、取代反应和重排反应等。     

Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen on rhenium/zeolite catalysts

Zeolite-supported rhenium catalysts are active for selective oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen, where coexisting ammonia is prerequisite to the direct phenol synthesis.     

苯直接羟基化制苯酚研究进展*

综述了苯直接羟基化制苯酚的几种催化反应,包括阳极氧化法、N₂O氧化法、H₂O₂氧化法、O₂直接氧化法,这些反应均具有良好的原子经济性和环境效益.同时重点介绍了相关的催化剂及其活性中心,探讨了这些新型方法的工业应用前景.     

硅胶微球负载钛硅分子筛TS-1催化剂的制备及对苯氧化合成苯酚的催化性能

将硅胶微球浸渍于钛硅分子筛（TS-1）合成液中,经晶化、焙烧制得负载TS-1分子筛硅胶微球催化剂。 用XRD、IR和SEM测试技术对其进行表征,将其用于过氧化氢氧化苯合成苯酚的反应中。 结果显示,TS-1分子筛能够很好地负载于硅胶表面,晶化温度160 ℃,晶化时间72 h,焙烧温度550 ℃,焙烧时间6 h时,获得的催化剂显示良好的催化性能。 在苯和H2O2初始原料量分别为0.5和0.1 mol、催化剂加入量为8 g、反应温度为60 ℃条件下,经过3 h的反应,苯的转化率达到10.32%,苯酚选择性达到97.12%。 9次重复使用后的苯转化率为9.42%,苯酚选择性为93.14%。     

Active Sites and Mechanisms for Direct Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol over Carbon Catalysts

The direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with H₂O₂ as the oxidizer, which is regarded as an environmentally friendly process, can be efficiently catalyzed by carbon catalysts. However, the detailed roles of carbon catalysts, especially what is the active site, are still a topic of debate controversy. Herein, we present a fundamental consideration of possible mechanisms for this oxidation reaction by using small molecular model catalysts, Raman spectra, static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), DFT calculations, quasi in situ ATR‐IR and UV spectra. Our study indicates that the defects, being favorable for the formation of active oxygen species, are the active sites for this oxidation reaction. Furthermore, one type of active defect, namely the armchair configuration defect was successfully identified.     

Phenol synthesis by liquid-phase oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen over iron-heteropoly acid

The phenol synthesis by liquid-phase oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen over iron-heteropoly acid (HPA) system was studied. When iron salts were used with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, the highest activity was obtained. Spectroscopic studies showed that the state of the iron ion was changed after interaction with heteropoly acid (HPA) while the Keggin structure of HPA remained. The acidic nature of HPA activated benzene to form cationic species. Insoluble iron ion-exchanged heteropoly acid was obtained by partial ion exchange method, which also showed high activity on oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen. The effects of reaction conditions were studied and the mechanism of deactivation was discussed. For the regeneration of catalytic activity, the addition of -ascorbic acid as a reducing agent was suggested.     

NH3‐Driven Benzene C−H Activation with O2 that Opens a New Way for Selective Phenol Synthesis

Catalytic benzene C?H activation toward selective phenol synthesis with O₂ remains a stimulating challenge to be tackled. Phenol is currently produced industrially by the three‐steps cumene process in liquid phase, which is energy‐intensive and not environmentally friendly. Hence, there is a strong demand for an alternative gas‐phase single‐path reaction process. This account documents the pivotal confined single metal ion site platform with a sufficiently large coordination sphere in β zeolite pores, which promotes the unprecedented catalysis for the selective benzene hydroxylation with O₂ under coexisting NH₃ by the new inter‐ligand concerted mechanism. Among alkali and alkaline‐earth metal ions and transition and precious metal ions, single Cs⁺ and Rb⁺ sites with ion diameters >0.300 nm in the β pores exhibited good performances for the direct phenol synthesis in a gas‐phase single‐path reaction process. The single Cs⁺ and Rb⁺ sites that possess neither significant Lewis acidic?basic property nor redox property, cannot activate benzene, O₂, and NH₃, respectively, whereas when they coadsorbed together, the reaction of the inter‐coadsorbates on the single alkali‐metal ion site proceeds concertedly (the inter‐ligand concerted mechanism), bringing about the benzene C?H activation toward phenol synthesis. The NH₃‐driven benzene C?H activation with O₂ was compared to the switchover of the reaction pathways from the deep oxidation to selective oxidation of benzene by coexisting NH₃ on Pt₆ metallic cluster/β and Ni₄O₄ oxide cluster/β. The NH₃‐driven selective oxidation mechanism observed with the Cs⁺/β and Rb⁺/β differs from the traditional redox catalysis (Mars‐van Krevelen) mechanism, simple Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism, and acid?base catalysis mechanism involving clearly defined interaction modes. The present catalysis concept opens a new way for catalytic selective oxidation processes involving direct phenol synthesis.     

Catalytic oxidation of organic substrates by molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by multistep electron transfer--a biomimetic approach

Oxidation reactions are of fundamental importance in nature, and are key transformations in organic synthesis. The development of new processes that employ transition metals as substrate-selective catalysts and stoichiometric environmentally friendly oxidants, such as molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, is one of the most important goals in oxidation chemistry. Direct oxidation of the catalyst by molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide is often kinetically unfavored. The use of coupled catalytic systems with electron-transfer mediators (ETMs) usually facilitates the procedures by transporting the electrons from the catalyst to the oxidant along a low-energy pathway, thereby increasing the efficiency of the oxidation and thus complementing the direct oxidation reactions. As a result of the similarities with biological systems, this can be dubbed a biomimetic approach.     

Direct selective oxidation of benzene to phenol using molecular oxygen in the presence of palladium and heteropolyacids

The use of heteropolyacids as a reoxidant for palladium in the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen was studied as a function of the variables involved. It was shown that the oxidation system is very effective even if a molar ratio of HOAc:H₂O of 1:2 is used. After 4 h at 130°C the benzene conversion is 15% and the selectivity for phenol is above 70%. The quantity of palladium acetate can be drastically reduced allowing turnover numbers as high as 800.     

Al-MCM-48分子筛对苯酚与乙酸异丙酯异丙基化反应的催化性能(英文)

Al-MCM-48 molecular sieves (Si/Al molar ratios = 25, 50, 75, and 100) were synthesized hydrothermally using cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide as the structure directing template. The orderly arrangement of mesopores was evident from the low angle X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images. The catalytic performance of the materials was evaluated in the vapor phase isopropylation of phenol with isopropyl acetate. Phenol conversion decreased with the increase in the Si/Al ratio of the catalysts. The major reaction product was 4-isopropyl phenol with 78% selectivity. The delocalization of phenolic oxygen electron pair over the aromatic ring promoted para-selective alkylation. Such delocalization could be aided by the hydrophilic surface of the molecular sieves. Although an ester was used as the alkylating agent, phenyl isopropyl ether was not formed in the reaction.