岩石的核磁共振弛豫时间加权微成像

根据自旋回波成像脉冲序列中像点信号强度与重复时间TR及回波时间TE的关系，结合岩石孔隙流体核磁共振她豫的多指数特性，利用T1加权和T2加权微成像提取岩样扎隙结构的信息，以此区分大孔和微孔．1实验方法自旋回波单片核磁共振成像脉冲序列如图1所示问．图中，GX为X方向的梯度场，用于信号的频率编码，实现X方向的空间定位；GY为Y方向的梯度场，用于信号的相位编码，实现Y方向的空间定位；GZ为Z方向的梯度场，结合形状脉冲，用于确定选片的位置及片厚，实现Z方向的空间定位．RF是射频脉冲发射通道，由90°宽带脉冲和180℃窄带形状…     

ESR成像(Ⅰ)——TEMPOL水溶液样品的X波段一维成像

用磁共振方法实现自旋分布成像是Lauterbur和1973年首先提出来的,经过十几年时间,核磁成像已经在医学临床上得到广泛的应用,从原理上看,将NMR成像移植到ESR成像似乎是顺理成章的事,但由于ESR在实验技术上和NMR之间存在着很大差别。     

气相VO（∑＋）与CH3OH（1^A′）分子自旋禁阻反应C—H，O—H键活化机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP与cCsD方法研究了二重态和四重态势能面自旋禁阻反应VO（∑’）活化cH30H（1^A′）分子c—H,0—H键的微观机理．通过自旋一轨道耦合的计算讨论了势能面交叉点和可能的自旋翻转过程．在MEcP处,四重态和二重态问的旋轨耦合常数为131．14cm^-1．自旋多重度发生改变,从四重态系间穿越到二重态势能面形成中间体2^IM1,导致反应势能面的势垒明显降低．     

ML42-几何和电子结构的理论研究(M=Ni2+,Pd2+,Pt2+;L=CN-,Cl-)

对具有16电子的镍族二价阴离子系列的几何和电子结构进行了研究．在从头算和密度泛函（DFT）的水平上计算得到的几何结构与实验结果具有较好的可比性．SVWN，BP86和B3LYP计算的键长、键角一般具有相同的趋势，但SVWN计算的键长有时偏短．NP2个别情况下表现出异于DFT的趋势．电荷分布计算结果表明：在高自旋态的（扭曲）四面体NiCl4^2-中，Ni具有较高的正电荷，NP2的计算值甚至接近两个正电荷；相对而言，低自旋态的平方四边形中金属原子拥有明显较低的正电荷．计算结果证明了传统观点，即Cl^-是比CN^-更弱的电子受体，这点在NiCl4^2-的情形下体现得特别明显，Cl^-几乎没有为Ni^2＋提供电子或负电荷．     

双—全氟烷基氮氧自由基从取代苯甲醛的攫氢反应—用EPR方法…

ＲＦＮ（Ｏ＾．）ＲＦ和ＲＦＮＯ的Ｆ１１３溶液在室温下与一系列的对位取代苯甲醛反应，得到稳定的对位取代苯甲酰基全氟烷基氮氧自由基。由△ａＮ和△ａ＾βＦ的σ单参数相关以及△ａＮ与σ和σ＾．双参数相关表明：极性效应是影响氟烷基酰基氮氧自由基中氮原子自旋密度变化的主要因素，而自旋离域效应的影响是很小的。     

12H-双苯并[1,3,2]-二氧磷杂八环的合成与波谱分析

通过双（2-羟基-3,5-二氯苯基）甲烷（1）与ROPXCl_2 （X = O，S）的关环 反应，合成了6-烃氧基-6-氧（硫）-2,4,8,10-四氯-12H-双苯并[1,3,2]-二氧磷杂 八环（3），3（X = 0）的收率为62%-85%，并测试了3的~1H NMR，~(13)C NMR，~ (31)P NMR以及MS。详细报道了3的~(13)C NMR中存在的远程偶合现象，并探讨了3 的质谱裂解方式。     

［Cu（IO_5OH））_2］~（5－）离子配合物中~（127）I超超精细相互作

用ＥＳＲ方法研究了［Ｃｕ（ＩＯ５ＯＨ）２］５－离子配合物中１２７Ｉ核的超超精细相互作用，旨在证实在碘离子上存在未成对电子自旋和找到一种解释Ｃｕ２＋离子中电子离域的机制。根据ＥＳＲ参数的计算指出碘离子上自旋密度为０．７７％。     

Dendr.PE-PAA在水溶液中自聚集的NMR研究

用1H NMR自扩散系数,核弛豫和二维NOESY谱研究了新合成苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物在水溶液中生成胶团的动态行为.体系中苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物的各1H核的自旋-晶格弛豫时间（T1）、自旋-自旋弛豫时间（T2）、自扩散系数和二维NOESY中的交叉峰证明苄醚树枝体与丙烯酸杂化嵌段共聚物在水溶液中形成自聚集,且与不同浓度下聚集体有差别.     

以杂环为铁磁耦合单元的双中心双自由基高自旋有机分子的理论设计

利用－·N－S－为自旋中心（SC），苯为端基（EG），苯、吡啶、哒嗪、嘧啶 、吡嗪、三嗪为耦合单元（FC），设计三种不同排列方式的新型稳定高自旋分子。 由于自旋密度在杂环（FC）和－·N－S－（SC）组成的体系中自由基双中心的部分 离域，导致－·N-S－自由基的特殊稳定性。三种不同的排列方式中，其三重态的 稳定性随主要SC（－N－）原子间距离的增大而降低。从三个系统八个体系三重态 的稳定性来看，FC上的杂原子位于取代基的间位能提高体系的铁磁耦合作用，而位 于邻位和对位则不利于铁磁耦合作用。     

［Cu（IO5OH）2］^5—离子配合物中^127I超超精细相互作用的…

用ＥＳＲ方法研究了［Ｃｕ（ＩＯ５ＯＨ）２］＾５－离子配合物中＾１２７Ｉ核的超超精细相互作用，旨在证实在碘离子上存在未成对电子自旋和找到一种解释Ｃｕ＾２＋离子中电子离域的机制，根据ＥＳＲ的参数的计算指出碘离子上自旋密度为０．７７％。     

Spectroscopic characterization of natural calcite minerals

The FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR spectral data of ten different limestone samples have been compared. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral data show that calcium carbonate in limestone, principally in the form of calcite, as identified by its main absorption bands at 1426, 1092, 876 and 712 cm(-1). The sharp diffractions at the d-spacings, 3.0348, 1.9166 and 1.8796 confirm the presence of calcite structure and the calculated lattice parameters are: a=4.9781 A, c=17.1188 A. The range of 13C chemical shifts for different limestone samples is very small, varying from 198.38 to 198.42 ppm. The observed chemical shifts are consistent with the identical C-O bonding in different limestone samples. 27Al MAS NMR spectra of the samples exhibit a central line at 1 ppm and another line at 60 ppm corresponding to octahedral and tetrahedral Al ions, respectively. The five component resonances were observed in 29Si MAS NMR spectrum of limestone and these resonances were assigned to Si (4 Al), Si (3 Al), Si (2 Al), Si (1 Al) and Si (0 Al) from low field to high field.     

Preliminary study on analysis and removal of wax from a Carrara marble statue

Abstract

This preliminary study has mainly focused on the wax identification by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and removal. Wax is used for many purposes in the field of art as protective coatings on wooden, stone or metal objects. From the comparison of the spectra H NMR and in particular with the correspondence of the resonance peaks of the samples taken from the statue and beeswax and paraffin, we can conclude that the wax applied on the statue surface is beeswax. From our data, it can be concluded that, to remove the beeswax, from any stone support, the more effective solvent is the mixture of cyclohexane/ethyl acetate. The removal percentages ranged from 19 to 99%. Lower percentages of removal have been observed in the case of yellow marble, probably because of its high porosity. We can affirm that, this solvent mixture can be employed in real art objects using cotton swabs to remove protective wax.     

Single-Sided Portable NMR Investigation to Assess and Monitor Cleaning Action of PVA-Borax Hydrogel in Travertine and Lecce Stone

In this work, we investigated the potential of PVA-borax hydrogel for cleaning limestones and the dependence of the cleaning on the porosity of the rock and on the action time of the hydrogel treatment. Towards this goal, we used a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, developed for non-invasive and non-destructive applications on cultural heritage. T₂-NMR parameters were quantified on different samples of Lecce stone and Travertine cut perpendicular (Pe) and parallel (Pa) to the bedding planes under different experimental conditions: untreated samples, treated with Paraloid B72 and cleaned with PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel applied for 4 min and 2 h. The T₂ results suggest that the effectiveness of the cleaning strongly depended on the porosity of the stones. In Lecce stone, the hydrogel seemed to eliminate both the paramagnetic impurities (in equal measure with 4 min and 2 h treatment) and Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pe, characterized by a smaller pore size compared to Lecce stone, no significant effects were found regarding both the cleaning and the treatment with Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pa, characterized by a larger pore size than the other two samples, the hydrogel seemed to clean the paramagnetic agents (it worked better if applied for a longer time) but it did not appear to have any effect on Paraloid B72 removal.     

Evaluation of polymers for conservation treatments of outdoor exposed stone monuments. Part I: Photo-oxidative weathering

The commercial acrylic polymers, Paraloid B72 and Paraloid B67, and a silicon-based product, Dri-Film 104, commonly used as water repellents/consolidants in the restoration of stone artefacts, have been tested to evaluate their performances when submitted to ageing, simulating the outdoor conditions of treated stone. After full characterization, the three polymers were applied as thin films on slides, as thick film on petri dishes and on marble by brush or by imbibition and the resulting samples were submitted to photo-oxidative weathering (λ = 340 nm). The weathering evolution was checked by ultrasonic and colorimetric measurements and by FT-IR, NMR and SEC determinations. Removability tests were also performed. All the polymers underwent irreversible modifications with reduction of their conservative properties, colour change and, above all, impossibility of their complete removal.     

Differentiation of human kidney stones induced by melamine and uric acid using surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Clinically obtained human kidney stones of different pathogenesis were dissolved in acetic acid/methanol solutions and then rapidly analyzed by surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SDAPCI-MS) without any desalination treatment. The mass spectral fingerprints of six groups of kidney stone samples were rapidly recorded in the mass range of m/z 50-400. A set of ten melamine-induced kidney stone samples and nine uric acid derived kidney stone samples were successfully differentiated from other groups by principal component analysis of SDAPCI-MS fingerprints upon positive-ion detection mode. In contrast, the mass spectra recorded using negative-ion detection mode did not give enough information to differentiate those stone samples. The results showed that in addition to the melamine, the chemical compounds enwrapped in the melamine-induced kidney stone samples differed from other kidney stone samples, providing useful hints for studying on the formation mechanisms of melamine-induced kidney stones. This study also provides useful information on establishing a MS-based platform for rapid analysis of the melamine-induced human kidney stones at molecular levels.     

Observation of quinonoid groups during the light-induced yellowing of softwood mechanical pulp

Unbleached and alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleached black spruce (picea mariana) stone groundwood samples were irradiated with a weak light source over a period of six days in an effort to probe the early photochemical events occurring during the light-induced brightness reversion. Samples withdrawn at daily intervals were subjected to oxyphosphorylation with trimethyl phosphite to labelortho-quinones and other chromophoric species with phosphorus. The solid-state³¹P NMR spectra of these samples revealed the rapid formation ofortho-quinones during the early phase of irradiation, followed by a dramatic reduction of these species at latter phases. The data suggests that during the early photochemistry,ortho-quinones are produced in high yield pulps, which subsequently react creating other more complex chromophores which do not possess the quinonic character.     

Characteristics of the Porous Structure of Cement Stone

The complex study of filtration and electric properties of the samples of cement stone with different water-cement ratios is performed. It is established that filtration coefficient decreases by 4–6 times with an increase in a pressure drop and becomes constant at pressure drops above 3–3.5 MPa. The observed effect is interpreted as a reversible change in the internal structure of cement stone upon the filtration of a liquid through the stone. It is revealed that the filtration coefficient and porosity of samples decrease with time. Total open porosity and the most probable pore radius are determined by mercury porosity technique. Coefficients of structural resistance and pore tortuosity of the samples are determined from the comparison of through and total porosity. The values of streaming potential are measured and values of surface charge and potential of the samples of cement stone are calculated.     

In situ and frontal polymerization for the consolidation of porous stones: a unilateral NMR and magnetic resonance imaging study

Consolidation treatment of porous materials was performed by in situ and frontal polymerization of acrylic monomers inside a porous stone. To study the penetration of the polymer inside the stone and its consolidating effects we used water as a contrast agent, detecting its penetration using unilateral NMR and magnetic resonance imaging. All data obtained on differently treated stones were compared with corresponding ones obtained analyzing both untreated stones and stones simply painted with a well-known polymeric protective agent. In situ polymerization of acrylic monomers inside porous stones has been demonstrated to be an extremely powerful consolidating method, whereas thermally initiated frontal polymerization seems less efficient. In both cases the optimal choice of monomers is still open and requires further study. Our data indicate that unilateral NMR represents an inexpensive and simple technique for the non-invasive observation of the water uptake and of the effect of consolidation procedures in porous materials.     

Influence of ultradispersed silicas on Portland cement hydration

Solid-state ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy was applied to examine Portland cement hydration and cement stone composition as influenced by the nature of commercial ultradispersed silicas (microsilica, precipitated silica, and colloidal silica).     

鲁北地区人体结石的成分及成因分析

采用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）和扫描电子显微技术（SEM）对鲁北地区22例手术取出的人体结石标本进行了分析。用原子吸收光谱分析（AAS）对鲁北地区饮用水中的微量元素进行了测定。结果表明鲁北地区的人体胆结石主要有胆固醇结石、胆色素结石和泥砂质结石,其中以泥砂质结石较多,未发现混合结石。该地区尿路结石中,上尿路（肾、输尿管）结石以草酸钙、尿酸结石为主,下尿路（膀胱）结石以鸟粪石（六水磷酸镁氨）、羟基磷灰石为主,未发现尿道结石。该地区的人体结石的形成与当地的环境和水质有关。