以固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-Fe2O3催化合成醋酸异戊酯

以合成醋酸异戊酯为探针反应,筛选出制备固体超强酸SO2-4 /ZrO2- Fe2O3 (SZF -1 )的最佳工艺条件为:ZrOCl2·8H2O9. 7g, FeCl3·6H2O16. 2g, 常温陈化24h, 0. 5mol·L-1 H2SO4 (15mL·g-1 )浸泡5h, 550℃焙烧3h。以SZF 1为催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯的反应条件为:异戊醇200mmol, n(异戊醇)∶n(醋酸) =1. 0∶1. 3, SZF -1 1g(反应物总质量的3% ), 环己烷15mL, 回流反应3h, 酯化率93. 47%。催化剂连续使用6次后酯化率仍在70%以上。     

甲烷磺酸铜的合成及在催化酯化反应中的性能研究

合成了甲烷磺酸铜 ,其结构经热重分析和IR表征。研究了以其催化乙酸与异戊醇酯化反应的性能及各种因素对酯化率的影响。反应条件为 :乙酸 1 67mmol,n(乙酸 )∶n(异戊醇 ) =1 .0∶1 .1 ,催化剂用量 0 .2 5 % (以酸的摩尔数计 ) ,回流反应 2 .0h ,不加带水剂 ,酯化率可达 96.0 %。其催化活性远远高于CuSO4·5H2 O ,CuCl2 ·2H2 O ,Cu(NO3 ) 2 ·3H2 O ,Cu(CH3 CO2 ) 2 ·H2 O及其它Lewis酸催化剂 ,而且反应过程中不水解 ,反应后经过简单的相分离即可重复使用 ,并成功地用于催化合成其它酯。     

ZrO2-TiO2/SO2-4催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

以马来酸酐和异戊醇为原料,复合型固体超强酸ZrO2-TiO2/SO2-4-为催化剂催化合成了马来酸二异戊酯.最佳工艺条件为:催化剂活化温度450℃,活化时间5 h,1.0 mol·L-1H2SO4,催化剂用量1.0 g,酸醇摩尔比为1:4,回流分水70 min,酯化率达98.72%.ZrO2-TiO2/SO2-4-具有良好的催化活性,可重复使用5次以上.     

ZrO_2-TiO_2/SO_4~(2-)催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

以马来酸酐和异戊醇为原料,复合型固体超强酸ZrO2-TiO2/SO24-为催化剂催化合成了马来酸二异戊酯。最佳工艺条件为:催化剂活化温度450℃,活化时间5 h,1.0 mol.L-1H2SO4,催化剂用量1.0 g,酸醇摩尔比为1∶4,回流分水70 m in,酯化率达98.72%。ZrO2-TiO2/SO42-具有良好的催化活性,可重复使用5次以上。     

固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2催化合成异戊酸异戊酯

异戊酸异戊酯是GB2760-86规定为允许使用的食用香料,也可微量用于化妆品、皂用香精中[1].异戊酸异戊酯传统合成方法为硫酸催化下由异戊酸与异戊醇直接酯化反应制得[2],由于浓硫酸易使有机物炭化、氧化,故副反应多、酯产物色泽深、产率受影响的诸多缺点,因此,有人开发了由异戊醇一步法合成异戊酸异戊酯的方法[3～5],但异戊酸异戊酯的收率不高,仅为58～70.6%.本文采用更换酯化反应催化剂的方法,以SO2-4/TiO2固体超强酸作为催化剂,对异戊酸异戊酯的合成进行了研究.     

NaHSO4·H2O催化合成苯甲酸甲酯

以 Na HSO4 · H2 O催化苯甲酸与甲醇的酯化反应 ,合成了苯甲酸甲酯。研究结果表明 ,Na HSO4 · H2 O具有较高的催化活性。考察了苯甲酸 /甲醇摩尔比、催化剂用量及反应时间对酯产率的影响。在优化反应条件 [n(苯甲酸 )∶n(甲醇 )∶n( Na HSO4 ·H2 O) =1∶ 2∶ 0 .2 9,回流8h]下 ,苯甲酸甲酯产率达 85.3 %。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成己酸异戊酯

报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO4为多相催化剂，通过己酸和异戊醇反应合成了己酸异戊酯，探讨了TiSiW12O40/TiO4对酯化反应的催化活性，较系统地研究了醇酸摩尔比，催化剂用量，反应时间诸因素对收率的影响，实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO4是合成己酸异戊酯的良好催化剂，在n(醇）：n(酸）＝1．6：1，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1．5％，反应时间45min，使用环己烷为带水剂的适宜条件下，己酸异戊酯的收率可达91．9％。     

MCM-41分子筛的表面修饰及其催化合成乙酸异戊酯

通过后合成处理将苄基、三甲基硅烷基和磺酸基接枝到MCM-41分子筛上,制备了一种新型的有机-无机杂化S-B-MCM-41催化剂.采用X射线衍射、低温N2吸附-脱附和酸碱滴定对样品的结构和质子酸量进行了表征和测定.结果表明,S-B-MCM-41催化剂较好地保持了MCM-41分子筛的介孔结构,BET比表面积高达798m2/g,质子酸量为4.0mmol/g.将S-B-MCM-41催化剂用于乙酸与异戊醇合成乙酸异戊酯的反应,考察了各种反应条件对酯化率的影响.在乙酸用量为0.1mol,异戊醇用量为0.15mol,催化剂用量为0.2g,带水剂甲苯为15ml,反应温度为110～125℃,反应时间为2h的优化条件下S-B-MCM-41上的酯化率可达99%以上;而MCM-41分子筛上的酯化率仅为54%.经3次重复使用后,S-B-MCM-41催化剂上的酯化率依然保持在90%以上.初步探讨了S-B-MCM-41催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯的反应机理.     

氯化锡催化合成马来酸二丁酯

以SnCl4·5H2 O为催化剂 ,由马来酸酐和正丁醇合成了马来酸二正丁酯。n(马来酸酐 )∶n(正丁醇 )∶n(SnCl4·5H2 O) =1∶4∶0 .0 86 ,回流分水 6 0min ,酯收率达 92 .1% ,并用类似方法合成了收率较高的马来酸二异丁酯、马来酸二正戊酯和马来酸二异戊酯     

Fe2O3-ZnO/SiO2催化氧化异戊醇一步合成异戊酸异戊酯

采用浸渍法制备了系列不同Fe2O3、ZnO负载量的Fe2O3-ZnO/SiO2催化剂,并用XRD、BET、SEM等对催化剂进行了表征;考察了以分子氧为氧化剂时,该系列催化剂对异戊醇一步合成异戊酸异戊酯的催化性能,并初步探讨了其反应机理。结果表明,在Fe2O3/SiO2催化剂上引入适量ZnO后,提高了Fe2O3在SiO2上的分散度,减小了Fe2O3的粒径,所制得的Fe2O3-ZnO/SiO2催化剂有较大的比表面积、孔体积、孔径,催化性能优于Fe2O3/SiO2。其中,在Fe2O3与ZnO的协同作用下,6%Fe2O3-4%ZnO/SiO2催化性能最佳,常压下当催化剂用量为0.9 g(占反应物质量的3.5%),反应温度120℃,反应时间9 h,异戊醇一步合成异戊酸异戊酯的选择性达54.5%,收率达31.4%。对该合成机理的初步探讨表明,只有催化剂与分子氧的共同作用下,异戊醇才能高效的合成异戊酸异戊酯。     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

Formal [(2+2)+2] and [(2+2)+(2+2)] nonconjugated dienediyne cascade cycloadditions

[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Die Photoionenspektren von SCl2, S2Cl2 und S2Br2

Photoionization Mass Spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ Photoionization mass spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ have been measured. Heats of formation, bond energies, and ionization potentials of fragments have been calculated from appearance potentials.