升华法生长氮化铝晶体的热场分析

本文使用有限元法模拟氮化铝晶体生长系统的温度场,分析了坩埚的位置、感应线圈的匝间距以及原料与晶体之间的距离对温度场分布的影响.结果表明:坩埚位置主要影响系统中最高温度的位置及温度梯度的大小原料与结晶体之间的距离仅对温度梯度有影响;感应线圈的匝间距则影响加热效率的高低.通过合理优化以上三个条件,可以获得适宜于高品质氮化铝晶体快速制备的理想热场.     

6H-SiC单晶生长温度场优化及多型控制

本文模拟了升华法生长6H-SiC单晶的不同温度场,并进行了相应的生长实验.结果表明:改变石墨坩埚和感应线圈的相对位置,可以改变温度场形状;下移石墨坩埚;可以增大温度场径向温度梯度.在不同的径向温度梯度下,6H-SiC晶体分别以凹界面、平界面和凸界面生长.晶体生长界面的形状和速率影响晶体多型的产生,在平界面,生长速率小于300μm/h的晶体生长条件下,可获得无多型的高质量6H-SiC单晶.     

SiC晶体的PVT生长系统及测温盲孔对热场的影响

实验中研究了不同结构参数的测温盲孔对晶体生长面热场的影响,结果分析表明:径向温度梯度和轴向温度梯度与测温盲孔的深度和半径近似成正比关系,但测温盲孔尺寸变化对径向温度梯度和轴向温度梯度的影响效果不同;改变测温盲孔尺寸适于调节径向温度梯度;测温盲孔半径和深度的增加均可导致坩埚盖上SiC多晶生长速率提高.     

温度梯度法BaY2F8晶体生长中的小面研究

采用温度梯度法生长了BaY2F8晶体,通过X射线定向仪确定晶体自发沿[001]方向生长.通过对不同截面的显微观察和分析,研究认为生长方向与竖直方向不平行是诱发(100)、(130)、(130)等小面生长的重要因素.由于温度的波动和径向温度梯度的存在,会造成晶体生长过程中的组分过冷,引发晶面上出现胞状凸起,影响了晶体的生长质量.     

引晶直径对泡生法蓝宝石晶体位错及小角度晶界影响的研究

利用晶体生长模拟软件CGSim,模拟了引晶过程中晶体的直径对晶体生长初期晶体的热流密度和轴、径向温度梯度的影响.结果表明:随着引晶直径的减小,晶体肩部的热流密度减小,轴向及径向温度梯度减小,因而能有效的减小晶体内的热应力,减少晶体位错及小角度晶界缺陷,提高晶体质量,模拟结果得到了实验的验证.     

温度梯度法生长Er:BaY2F8晶体开裂现象的研究

对温度梯度法生长Er:BaY2F8晶体的开裂现象进行了研究,从理论上讨论了温场分布、生长速率、热应力和稀土离子掺杂对晶体开裂的影响,并通过实验分析了垂直于解理面方向上膨胀系数的变化对晶体开裂造成的影响.研究结果表明:晶体生长时径向温度梯度越小越好,生长晶体的最佳工艺参数为直径为10 mm,最佳轴向温度梯度为6 ℃/mm,最佳生长速率为0.2～0.3 mm/h.通过缓慢降温,可以成功避免晶体的开裂.     

泡生法蓝宝石单晶不同生长阶段的数值模拟研究

针对泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长的不同生长阶段的温场、流场和固液界面形状进行数值模拟研究.并分析了加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置和不同生长速率对蓝宝石单晶生长的影响.结果表明:在蓝宝石单晶生长中,在靠近坩埚壁面和固液界面的熔体内,等温线密,温度梯度较大;在靠近坩埚底部的熔体内,等温线稀疏,温度梯度较小.随着晶体高度的增加,熔体对流由放肩阶段的两个涡胞变成等径阶段的一个涡胞,熔体平均温度有小幅度下降;加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置对晶体生长炉内温场和固液界面形状影响很大,随着加热器位置上移,晶体内平均温度升高,温度梯度减小;熔体内平均温度降低,温度梯度增大.同时固液界面凸度增大.随着晶体生长速率增大,固液界面凸度增大,界面更加凸向熔体.     

水热法生长KBBF单晶

氟代硼鈹酸钾KBe2BO3F2(KBBF)晶体是至今发现的可相位匹配的倍频波长最短的晶体.但是,由于该晶体具有很大的面间距,层状生长习性十分明显,因此,至今采用熔盐法生长的晶体厚度较薄,无法按照相位匹配方向切割成倍频器件.我们尝试了采用水热法生长KBBF晶体并获得了成功.我们采用水热法已成功地生长出了厚度达10 mm以上的透明单晶体.本文概述了水热法生长KBBF晶体的实验方法和生长条件(如矿化剂种类,温度,压力,温度梯度,充满度,开孔率等)对晶体生长的影响.最后,用负离子配位多面体生长基元理论模型讨论了晶体的生长机制与形状.     

冷心放肩微量提拉法大尺寸蓝宝石单晶生长过程的模拟分析

利用数值模拟方法计算了冷心放肩微量提拉法(SAPMAC)蓝宝石晶体生长过程.结合晶体直径变化、裂纹出现位置与延续方向、晶体透明性等实验现象,通过与提拉法、温梯法、坩埚移动法等相对比,分析了冷心放肩微量提拉法晶体生长各阶段的工艺特点,并根据模拟计算结果对晶体生长系统和晶体生长控制工艺进行了改进.分别利用增大热交换器的散热参数、降低加热温度、改进降温曲线、调节外加轴向和径向温度梯度的方式来实现对晶体生长的引晶、放肩、等径和收尾控制.通过实验比较证明了改进后的晶体生长系统和晶体生长控制工艺能够生长出性能较好的大尺寸蓝宝石晶体.     

高质量LiCaAlF6晶体生长条件的探索

本文报道了采用提拉法在不同加热系统中和不同生长气氛下进行的LiCaAlF6晶体生长的实验,以探索高质量晶体的生长条件,并讨论了在晶体生长过程中晶体内部和表面上的某些缺陷的形成原因.为了获得高质量的晶体,抑制原材料的氧化和挥发,实现生长过程的稳定控制,是晶体生长过程中不可忽视的三要素.在较小的温度梯度、较高真空度(2×10-2Pa)、敞开式保温体系、较高控温精度(±0.1℃)及充入保护气体CF4条件下,可生长高质量的LiCaAlF6晶体.     

用热壁CVD法在SiC衬底上生长SiCGe合金的热场分析与设计

采用有限元法,对热壁CVD法SiCGe合金生长炉中加热组件的感应加热和温度分布进行了研究.分析了感应线圈匝数和石墨衬托的厚度对磁矢势和温度分布的影响,获取了感应线圈数越多感应生成焦耳热越大且越均匀的结论,得出了随石墨厚度的增加升温速率而增加,相反轴向温度均匀性而变差的设计准则.模拟结果表明选取16匝线圈和10mm左右的石墨壁厚为优化的设计参数.     

Numerical investigation of induction heating and heat transfer in a SiC growth system

A global simulation model is applied for a silicon carbide growth system heated by induction coils. A finite‐volume method (FVM) and a global model are applied to solve the equations for electromagnetic field, conductive and radiative heat transfer. The growth rate is predicted by Hertz‐Knudsen equation and one‐dimensional mass transfer equation. Further, simulations for five different coil positions are carried out to investigate the effects of coil position on temperature distribution in the furnace. The numerical results reveal that the variation of temperature in the radial direction along the substrate surface and the temperature difference between the powder and substrate are greatly affected by the coil position. The predicted growth rate along the substrate surface for five coil positions is also studied. Finally, a reasonable range of coil positions maintaining a balance between large‐diameter crystal, high growth rate, temperature limitation of material and lower electrical power consumption is obtained. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Controlling the axial temperature gradient in inductively heated Czochralski systems

A heating system is described that allows to increase the temperature gradients in rf‐heated Czochralski setups during the growth. This system applies an active afterheater, operated by a separate induction coil parallel to that heating the crucible. By changing the inductivity of an additional coil located outside the growth chamber, the ratio of the rf currents flowing through the crucible and afterheater and, consequently, the geometry of the heat input to the setup can be altered. The efficiency of the heating systems has been demonstrated in various experiments.     

不同耦合间隙对大直径SiC晶体生长感应加热系统的影响

本文采用有限元分析方法系统地研究了大尺寸SiC晶体PVT法生长装置中的加热组件不同的耦合间隙对生长系统中的感应磁场、感生电流和焦耳热的影响;分析比较了取不同的耦合间隙时系统达到热平衡状态所需时间的不同.得出了在中频电源的输出功率和频率都不变的前提下,在线圈匝数已固定的条件下,通过缩小耦合间隙可以提高系统的加热效率,缩短系统达到热平衡状态所需时间的结论.     

Numerical simulation of thermal and mass transport during Czochralski crystal growth of sapphire

The thermal and flow transport in an inductively heated Czochralski crystal growth furnace during a crystal growth process is investigated numerically. The temperature and flow fields inside the furnace, coupled with the heat generation in the iridium crucible induced by the electromagnetic field generated by the RF coil, are computed. The results indicate that for an RF coil fixed in position during the growth process, although the maximum value of the magnetic, temperature and velocity fields decrease, the convexity of the crystal‐melt interface increases for longer crystal growth lengths. The convexity of the crystal‐melt interface and the power consumption can be reduced by adjusting the relative position between the crucible and the induction coil during growth. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Numerical investigation of heat transport and fluid flow during the seeding process of oxide Czochralski crystal growth Part 1: non‐rotating seed

For the seeding process of oxide Czochralski crystal growth, the flow and temperature field of the system as well as the seed‐melt interface shape have been studied numerically using the finite element method. The configuration usually used initially in a real Czochralski crystal growth process consists of a crucible, active afterheater, induction coil with two parts, insulation, melt, gas and non‐rotating seed crystal. At first the volumetric distribution of heat inside the metal crucible and afterheater inducted by the RF coil was calculated. Using this heat source the fluid flow and temperature field were determined in the whole system. We have considered two cases with respect to the seed position: (1) before and (2) after seed touch with the melt. It was observed that in the case of no seed rotation (ω_seed = 0), the flow pattern in the bulk melt consists of a single circulation of a slow moving fluid. In the gas domain, there are different types of flow motion related to different positions of the seed crystal. In the case of touched seed, the seed‐melt interface has a deep conic shape towards the melt. It was shown that an active afterheater and its location with respect to the crucible, influences markedly the temperature and flow field of the gas phase in the system and partly in the melt. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Influence of the crucible bottom shape on the heat transport and fluid flow during the seeding process of oxide Czochralski crystal growth

For the seeding process of oxide Czochralski crystal growth, influence of the crucible bottom shape on the heat generation, temperature and flow field of the system and the seed‐melt interface shape have been studied numerically using the finite element method. The configuration usually used in a real Czochralski crystal growth process consists of a crucible, active afterheater, induction coil with two parts, insulation, melt, gas and seed crystal. At first, the volumetric distribution of heat inside the metal crucible and afterheater inducted by the RF‐coil was calculated. Using this heat generation in the crucible wall as a source the fluid flow and temperature field of the entire system as well as the seed‐melt interface shape were determined. We have considered two cases, flat and rounded crucible bottom shape. It was observed that using a crucible with a rounded bottom has several advantages such as: (i) The position of the heat generation maximum at the crucible side wall moves upwards, compared to the flat bottom shape. (ii) The location of the temperature maximum at the crucible side wall rises and as a result the temperature gradient along the melt surface increases. (iii) The streamlines of the melt flow are parallel to the crucible bottom and have a curved shape which is similar to the rounded bottom shape. These important features lead to increasing thermal convection in the system and influence the velocity field in the melt and gas domain which help preventing some serious growth problems such as spiral growth. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

高温高压生长宝石级金刚石单晶的表面特征研究

本文利用高温高压温度梯度法,NiMnCo合金作为触媒,分别采用籽晶{100}和{111}作为生长面,合成了Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶,对其表面特征进行了分析和讨论.结果发现,宝石级金刚石单晶的表面特征不具有唯一性,多数情况下,晶体{111}面明显较{100}面平整,而且{100}面生长台阶的棱角不清晰,经常会出现经触媒融融过的痕迹,并且这种现象的出现跟籽晶生长面不同和合成温度条件高低无关;{111}面有时也会出现明显的生长台阶,棱角清晰,并且形状较为规则.宝石级金刚石晶体表面特征的不唯一性说明晶体表面特征对生长条件稳定性有更高的要求.     

用升华法生长SiC晶体的一种新颖的坩埚设计

本文提出一个用PVT法生长SiC晶体的坩埚的新颖设计.分析了生长腔中有无锥形档板对腔内及籽晶温度场的影响;比较了档板取不同厚度时SiC粉源升华面和籽晶表面的温度分布.得出了在腔内增设档板后晶体生长面的温度更趋均匀的结论;获取了随着档板厚度的增加,腔内的轴向温度梯度随之增加,但同时晶体生长面的温度也会降低的设计原则.根据计算结果,选取档板厚度等于2mm为优化参数.     

Uniformity analysis of temperature distribution in an industrial MOCVD reactor

Three‐dimensional models, coupling fluid flow and heat transfer, have been adopted to analyze influences of the process parameters on the temperature uniformity in an industrial MOCVD reactor. Important factors, such as the inlet gas flow, the susceptor rotation, the heater power, the distance between the heat shield and the susceptor (d₁), as well as the distance between the heater and the susceptor (d₂), have been investigated carefully. The system heating condition is characterized by temperature uniformity denoted as the standard deviation of temperature, and by thermal efficiency expressed as a combination parameter of the dissipated energy. The results reveal that decrease of the gas flow and the rotation rate, as well as increase of the distance d₁, could monotonically enhance the temperature uniformity. The results also show that decrease of the above three parameters could improve the thermal efficiency. Furthermore, increase of the distance d₂ enhances the temperature uniformity, and reduces the thermal efficiency slightly. The influences of the parameters on the uniformity vary at the different locations of the susceptor as divided into Zone A, Zone B and Zone C. The conclusions help the growth engineer optimize the system design and process conditions of the reactor.