高聚物细观损伤演化的研究进展

聚合物的银纹化损伤与断裂是一个复杂和重要的研究课题。简述了银纹引发的(热)力学条件和银纹成核的微观机理。结合最新的研究进展,对银纹向前扩展的弯月面不稳定机理、银纹增厚的蠕变机理和界面转入机理作了较详细的分析与综合。考虑银纹细观结构中横系的作用,对银纹结构模型、银纹微纤断裂判据、微纤断裂行为的分子量和缠结密度相关性以及银纹与裂纹相互作用等问题进行了较详细的综述。指出银纹生长和断裂的深入研究可望建立材料宏观断裂韧性和材料细观结构以及微观参数之间的关联,为进行材料韧性的微观设计提供一条可行的途径。并对今后这一领域的研究方向和重点进行了展望。      

玻璃态聚合物银纹化过程的数值模拟

银纹化是玻璃态聚合物材料所特有的一种现象。本文在代表体积单元中嵌入能够刻划银纹萌生与生长的银纹单元，运用有限元方法对银纹化过程进行了数值模拟。银纹化过程中的最大主应力矢量图说明计算模型以及计算方法是比较合理的。而且，本文所揭示出来的银纹化过程的规律与实验中观察到的现象是吻合的。     

材料强韧化的宏细观断裂力学理论

材料强韧化理论是本世纪末断裂力学理论及应用发展的一个主要方向.本文结合金属、精细结构陶瓷、结构高分子和复合材料中的强韧化力学原理来展示宏细观断裂力学理论的主要框架.     

断裂损伤与细观力学

本文从力学发展的角度,对断裂力学、损伤力学与细观力学的主要内容及其发展,作了简要的介绍和评述.指出:固体力学与其它学科的交缘汇合,并深入到细观结构的层次进行研究,这一研究发展的势头已是很明显的了.细观力学、损伤力学与断裂力学构成了从细观尺度直至宏观尺度以描述材料与结构的破坏过程的破环理论的主要内容.它使得作为固体材料的力学的基本内容之一的破坏理论,面临一个新的发展阶段.     

损伤断裂的宏细观过程

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...      

损伤断裂的宏细观过程(1994～1996年工作总结)

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...     

纤维增强脆性复合材料细观力学若干进展

纤维复合材料本身具有强烈的结构特性,是一种多相体材料.其力学性能及损伤破坏规律不仅取决于各组分材料性能,同时也取决于细观结构特征,采用细观力学分析建立材料宏观力学性能与材料各组分性能以及细观结构参数之间的内在联系是材料科学发展的新趋势.本文结合作者的研究课题综述了纤维增强脆性材料(主要是纤维混凝土)细观机理的部分研究进展,并对这一学科的发展趋势进行了简要地评价与展望.      

统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变

材料的损伤和破坏是固体力学中一个十分复杂的基本问题,近年来在这方面的研究从不同的角度取得一系列新的进展。本文较系统地介绍了统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变理论,这是把力学与统计物理学及非线性科学结合起来研究材料损伤和破坏问题的一种探索。      

统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变（Ⅱ）

材料的损伤和破坏是固体力学中一个十分复杂的基本问题，近年来在这方面的研究从不同的角度取得一系列新的进展。本文较系统地介绍了统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变理论，这是把力学与统计物理学及非线性科学结合起来研究材料损伤和破坏问题的一种探索。     

统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变（Ⅱ）

材料的损伤和破坏是固体力学中一个十分复杂的基本问题，近年来在这方面的研究从不同的角度取得一系列新的进展。本文较系统地介绍了统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变理论，这是把力学与统计物理学及非线性科学结合起来研究材料损伤和破坏问题的一种探索。     

Phase field modeling of damage in glassy polymers

Failure mechanisms in amorphous polymers are usually separated into two types, shear yielding and crazing due to the differences in the yield surface. Experiments show that the yield surface follows a pressure modified von Mises relation for shear yielding but this relation does not hold during crazing failure. In the past different yield conditions were used to represent each type of failure. Here, we show that the same damage model can be used to study failure under shear yielding and crazing conditions. The simulations show that different yield surfaces are obtained for craze and shear yielding if the microstructure is included explicitly in the simulations. In particular the breakdown of the pressure modified von Mises relation during crazing can be related to the presence of voids and other defects in the sample.     

一种高聚物银纹损伤演化的实验研究

采用光学显微技术对高聚物蠕变条件下的银纹损伤引发和演化进行了实验观测．通过对银纹面密度的测量,定义一种损伤变量,得到了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯不同蠕变时间和不同应力水平下的银纹损伤值,并给出了一种损伤演化模型．     

On the importance of thermo-elastic cooling in the fracture of glassy polymers at high rates

In a previous thermo-mechanical analysis [Estevez, R., Basu, S., van der Giessen, E., 2005. Analysis of temperature effects near mode I cracks in glassy polymers. Int. J. Fract. 132, 249–273] in which shear yielding of the bulk and failure by crazing were accounted for, we examined which of these two viscoplastic processes contributed to heat in mode I fracture. The present study completes this work by investigating the conditions for thermo-elastic cooling prior to crack propagation as reported experimentally by Rittel [Rittel, D., 1998. Experimental investigation of transient thermo-elastic effects in dynamic fracture. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35, 2959–2973] and Bougaut and Rittel [Bougaut, O., Rittel, D., 2001. On crack tip cooling during dynamic crack propagation. Int. J. Solids Struct. 38, 2517–2532] on high strain rate loading of PMMA. To this end, coupled thermo-mechanical finite element simulations are carried out by accounting for the thermo-elastic source, in addition to the heat sources related to shear yielding and crazing. The bulk as well as cohesive zone parameters for crazing realistically describe PMMA as they are obtained from detailed calibration experiments. Our results show that if significant thermo-elastic cooling has to be observed in the vicinity of the crack tip of a polymeric material, suppression of shear yielding as well as suppression of crazing is necessary. It seems that at these high strain rates a brittle fracture mechanism activated at very high stresses takes over from crazing, or at least that craze initiation occurs for stress levels very different to those for quasi-static conditions.     

Effect of triaxial stress constraint on the deformation and fracture of polymers

One purpose of this paper is to give a brief overview on the research status of deformation, fracture and toughening mechanisms of polymers, including experimental, theoretical and numerical studies. Emphasis is on the more recent progresses of micromechanics of rubber particle cavitation and crazing, and the development of fracture criteria for ductile polymers. The other purpose is to study the effect of triaxial stress constraint on the deformation and fracture behavior of polymers. Polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) and PC/ABS alloy are considered in this investigation. A series of circumferentially blunt-notched bars are used to experimentally generate different triaxial stress fields. The fracture surfaces of specimens with different notch radius are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the fracture and toughening mechanisms of polymer alloy. It is shown that the triaxial stress constraint has a significant effect on the deformation, fracture and toughening of PC, ABS and PC/ABS alloy. We will also discuss the extent to which a micromechanics criterion proposed by the first author can serve as a fracture criterion for ductile polymers. A new ductile fracture parameter is emphasized, which can be employed to evaluate the fracture ductility of polymers. Stress state independence of the parameter for the PC, ABS and PC/ABS alloy has been experimentally verified. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10125212), the Trans-Century Training Program Foundation and the Key Research Fund of the Education Ministry of China (01159)     

Cohesive-zone laws for void growth — I. Experimental field projection of crack-tip crazing in glassy polymers

A hybrid framework for inverse analysis of crack-tip cohesive-zone model is developed in this two-part paper to measure cohesive-zone laws of void growth in polymers by combining analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. This paper focuses on experimental measurements of the cohesive-zone laws for two nonlinear fracture processes in glassy polymers, namely multiple crazing in crack-growth toughening of rubber-toughened high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and crazing of steady-state crack growth in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) under a methanol environment. To this end, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is first applied to measure the crack-tip displacement fields surrounding the fracture process zones in these polymers. These fields are subsequently equilibrium smoothed and used in the extraction of the cohesive-zone laws via an analytical solution method of the inverse problem, the planar field projection method (P-FPM) [Hong, S., Kim, K.-S., 2003. Extraction of cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields of a cohesive crack tip: a field projection method. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 51, 1267-1286]. Results show that the proposed framework of the P-FPM could provide a systematic way of finding the shape of the cohesive-zone laws governed by the different micro-mechanisms in the fracture processes. In HIPS, inter-particle multiple crazing develops and the craze zone broadens ahead of a crack-tip under mechanical loading. The corresponding cohesive-zone relationship of the multiple-craze zone is found to be highly convex, which indicates effectiveness of rubber particle toughening. It is also observed that the effective peak traction, 7 MPa, in the crack-tip cohesive zone of HIPS (30% rubber content) is lower than the uniaxial yield stress of 9 MPa, presumably due to stress multi-axiality effects. In contrast, in PMMA, methanol localizes the crack-tip craze, weakening the craze traction for craze-void initiation to about 9 MPa and the fibril pull-out stress to less than 6 MPa. This reduction in cohesive traction, coupled with a strongly concave traction-separation cohesive-zone relationship, signifies environmental embrittlement of PMMA. These experimentally determined cohesive-zone laws are compared with detailed numerical analyses of effective microscale-void growth ahead of a crack tip in Part II.     

Formulation of a damage internal state variable model for amorphous glassy polymers

The following article proposes a damage model that is implemented into a glassy, amorphous thermoplastic thermomechanical inelastic internal state variable framework. Internal state variable evolution equations are defined through thermodynamics, kinematics, and kinetics for isotropic damage arising from two different inclusion types: pores and particles. The damage arising from the particles and crazing is accounted for by three processes of damage: nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Nucleation is defined as the number density of voids/crazes with an associated internal state variable rate equation and is a function of stress state, molecular weight, fracture toughness, particle size, particle volume fraction, temperature, and strain rate. The damage growth is based upon a single void growing as an internal state variable rate equation that is a function of stress state, rate sensitivity, and strain rate. The coalescence internal state variable rate equation is an interactive term between voids and crazes and is a function of the nearest neighbor distance of voids/crazes and size of voids/crazes, temperature, and strain rate. The damage arising from the pre-existing voids employs the Cocks–Ashby void growth rule. The total damage progression is a summation of the damage volume fraction arising from particles and pores and subsequent crazing. The modeling results compare well to experimental findings garnered from the literature. Finally, this formulation can be readily implemented into a finite element analysis.     

Investigations into crazing in glassy amorphous polymers through molecular dynamics simulations

In many glassy amorphous polymers, localisation of deformation during loading leads to crazes. Crazes are crack like features whose faces are bridged either by fibrils or a cellular network of voids and fibrils. While formation of crazes is aided by the presence of surface imperfections and embedded dust particles, in this work, we focus on intrinsic crazes that form spontaneously in the volume of the material. We perform carefully designed molecular dynamics simulations on well equilibrated samples of a model polymer with a view to gaining insights into certain incompletely understood aspects of the crazing process. These include genesis of the early nanovoids leading to craze nucleation, mechanisms of stabilising the cellular or fibrillar structure and the competition between chain scission and chain disentanglement in causing the final breakdown of the craze. Additionally, we identify and enumerate clusters of entanglement points with high functionality as effective topological constraints on macromolecular chains. We show that regions with low density of entanglement clusters serve as sites for nanovoid nucleation under high mean stress. Growth occurs by the repeated triggering of cavitation instabilities above a growing void. The growth of the void is aided by disentanglement in and flow of entanglements away from the cavitating region. Finally, for the chain lengths chosen, scission serves to supply short chains to the growing craze but breakdown occurs by complete disentanglement of the chains. In fact, most of the energy supplied to the material seems to be used in causing disentanglements and very little energy is required to create a stable fibril.     

预延伸非晶聚合物材料各向异性变形局部化

给出一种可描述预延伸各向异性特性的背应力张量三维表达式，引入大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法，结合ＢＰＡ８ 链细观分子网络模型，模拟了预延伸各向异性非晶聚合物材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化力学行为．详细讨论了预延伸比（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＲａｔｉｏ；ＩＤＲ）和预延伸方向（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ；ＩＤＤ）对变形抗力、颈缩规律、剪切带方向以及试件中心部位链延伸比的影响．