玻璃态高分子材料银纹力学研究进展

银纹是玻璃态高分子材料所特有的一种现象, 它既是高分子材料的塑性变形和增韧机理, 又是高分子材料的损伤机理, 还是连接高分子材料微观损伤与宏观破坏的桥梁. 银纹的萌生、长大与断裂是高分子科学和固体力学所共同关注的难题. 过去几十年在试验、理论和数值模诸方面也取得了显著进展, 但较为系统的理论框架尚未建立, 人们试图把细观力学的基本知识与高分子系统银纹化现象联系起来的设想才刚刚开始,且尚未在指导高分子合金设计方面起到关键作用. 本文试图对近10多年来, 高分子银纹化的研究进展予以介绍和评述. 首先简要介绍银纹的基本形貌、萌生判据与生长规律, 然后分别介绍银纹断裂力学、银纹损伤力学和银纹细观力学的研究进展和成果, 最后概要介绍银纹分子动力学研究的最新进展.      

一个简化的空穴多级形核模型

1 引言为在细观机理基础上建立韧性材料在一定应力状态下宏观裂纹产生和发展的力学模型。一些学者已做了不少工作.人们力图通过细观研究找到一个较接近韧性材料损伤和断裂物理本质的材料破坏准则,以用来描述和预测韧性材料的损伤和断裂.直到现在,大多数研究都认为无裂纹体与裂纹体的破坏是两个截然不同的问题.人们一直是用不同的准则来判定无裂纹试件和含裂纹试件的破坏的.但若从细观角度来看,对     

纤维增强脆性复合材料细观力学若干进展

纤维复合材料本身具有强烈的结构特性,是一种多相体材料.其力学性能及损伤破坏规律不仅取决于各组分材料性能,同时也取决于细观结构特征,采用细观力学分析建立材料宏观力学性能与材料各组分性能以及细观结构参数之间的内在联系是材料科学发展的新趋势.本文结合作者的研究课题综述了纤维增强脆性材料(主要是纤维混凝土)细观机理的部分研究进展,并对这一学科的发展趋势进行了简要地评价与展望.      

损伤断裂的宏细观过程

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...      

损伤断裂的宏细观过程(1994～1996年工作总结)

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...     

高分子材料的非线性拟断裂特性的计算

本文研究了高分子材料的非线性拟断裂特性。拟断裂分析的模型是一个具有中心银纹的矩形板,在拉伸应力场作用下。银纹内的取向纤维束在计算中用表面边界力来表示。这种表面应力与张开位移是非线性相关,所以应用非线性有限元进行分析。计算结果给出了银纹表面的应力分布、张开位移曲线和银纹顶点前沿的塑性场。与一般的断裂问题相比较,发现银纹顶点附近的应力分布并不存在奇异特性,要求的初始屈服载荷提高。在相同的载荷作用下,塑服区的尺寸也远比弹塑性断裂问题小得多。     

多向编织复合材料的力学性能研究

综述并评价了关于二维和三维编织复合材料的有效弹性模量研究的代表性工作,并从材料设计的思想出发,宏观与微观相结合,材料科学与力学相结合,对多向编织复合材料的宏观力学性能与细观织物结构、组分性能的关系及编织复合材料非线性行为进行了详细的理论分析和研究     

基于三角对称共晶团断裂的复相陶瓷极限应力预报模型

根据复相陶瓷内三角对称共晶团的特殊结构形式,基于共晶团细观损伤断裂机理建立复相陶瓷极限应力预报模型,为分析复相陶瓷的断裂机理提供理论依据。首先,基于共晶团内纤维端部的应力集中效应,考虑共晶团内基体出现微观塑性流动的特性,利用位错塞积理论和内聚键破裂条件,确定三角对称共晶团的本征断裂应力。然后,基于沿共晶团晶向的微观损伤应变,确定加载函数,考虑三角对称共晶团细观断裂过程中的中性加载条件,计算共晶团的细观损伤断裂应力。最后,考虑三角对称共晶团尺寸的随机性和方向任意性,引入"临界区"概念,在共晶团尺寸和方向服从二维完全随机分布条件下,得到复相陶瓷极限应力的理论预报模型。结果表明,复相陶瓷的极限应力主要由三角对称共晶团的细观损伤极限应力确定,三角对称共晶团内纤维夹杂体积含量和尺寸对极限应力有重要影响。     

在材料研制中的连续介质细观力学有限元建模现状评论（译文）

评述了机械载荷下材料力学行为有限元模拟的先进技术.分析 了考虑材料微观及细观结构情况下，对材料变形、损伤、断裂进行模 拟时各种方法的优缺点及发展前景.阐述了对材料行为模拟方法的发 展，包括基本的及先进的方法，如体胞方法、真实结构模拟、粘结区 模型等.分析了在先进新材料的开发中运用有限元方法的可能性     

中等组分网状结构局部微变对功能梯度板三维动力特性的影响

利用细观元方法根据材料实际金相图片信息进行材料参数输入,对发生局部网格变化的功能梯度板件进行三维动力特性分析,完成了材料细观结构与构件宏观响应间的跨尺度分析.细观元法在结构的常规有限元内部设置密集的细观单元来反映材料细观构造,此方法可实现材料细观结构到构件宏观响应的直接过渡分析,为具有细观结构微观变化的功能梯度板件的分析提供一种新的工具.利用细观元法对具有中等组分网状结构发生局部微变的功能梯度板进行三维动力特性分析,给出其固有频率及振型的三维分布,特别是功能梯度板应力振型的平面等值线图差异,得到较好的结果.     

Rate effects on toughness in elastic nonlinear viscous solids

A micromechanics-based constitutive relation for void growth in a nonlinear viscous solid is proposed to study rate effects on fracture toughness. This relation is incorporated into a microporous strip of cell elements embedded in a computational model for crack growth. The microporous strip is surrounded by an elastic nonlinear viscous solid referred to as the background material. Under steady-state crack growth, two dissipative processes contribute to the macroscopic fracture toughness—the work of separation in the strip of cell elements and energy dissipation by inelastic deformation in the background material. As the crack velocity increases, voids grow in the strain-rate strengthened microporous strip, thereby elevating the work of separation. In contrast, the energy dissipation in the background material decreases as the crack velocity increases. In the regime where the work of separation dominates energy dissipation, toughness increases with crack velocity. In the regime where energy dissipation is dominant, toughness decreases with crack velocity. Computational simulations show that the two regimes can exist in certain range of crack velocities for a given material. The existence of these regimes is greatly influenced by the rate dependence of the void growth mechanism (and the initial void size) as well as that of the bulk material. This competition between the two dissipative processes produces a U-shaped toughness-crack velocity curve. Our computational simulations predict trends that agree with fracture toughness vs. crack velocity data reported in several experimental studies for glassy polymers and rubber-modified epoxies.     

Adiabatic decohesion in a thermoplastic craze thickening at constant or increasing rate

When a crack in a thermally non-diffusive material is impact loaded—or propagates at high speed—a cohesive process which resists slow crack extension may itself cause decohesion by adiabatic heating. By assuming that decohesion ultimately occurs by low-energy disentanglement within a melt layer of critical thickness, the fracture resistance of craze-forming crystalline polymers can be estimated quantitatively. Previous estimates used a simple, thermomechanically linear representation of craze fibril drawing. This paper presents a more physically realistic, numerical formulation, and demonstrates it for constant craze thickening rate (as imposed by an ideal full-notch tension test) and for linearly increasing thickening rate (as at the tip of an impact-loaded or rapidly propagating crack). For a linear material, the numerical formulation gives results which asymptotically approach those from analytical solutions, as craze density approaches zero. In more realistic model polymers, the enthalpy of fusion increasingly delays decohesion as impact speed increases, although the temperature distribution of an endotherm appears to have little effect. Increasing molecular weight, heuristically associated with decreasing craze density and increasing structural dimension, increases the predicted impact fracture resistance. In every case, fracture resistance passes through a minimum as impact speed increases. The conclusions encourage the use of impact fracture tests, and discourage the use of the full-notch tension test, to assess the dynamic fracture resistance of a craze-forming polymer.     

Introducing Heterogeneity into the Micro-Scratch Test Fracture Toughness Relation for Brittle Particle Composites

Existing analysis methods of scratch test data are limited in their application to composite materials since they are built on the assumption of homogeneous material. In this study, the heterogeneity of the composite material is considered for analysis of scratch data on a resin and glass bead particle composite. Experiments are conducted using two approaches: macroscale three-point single edge notch and micro-scratch. An analysis method is presented which introduces a region in front of the crack tip to calculate the energy release rate during the fracture process which accounts for the heterogeneity of this region. By comparing with the experimental results, it is observed that this analysis method reduces the difference in fracture toughness derived from macroscale and microscale tests, and matches the trend of fracture toughness values as a function of particle volume fraction. This observation provides the insight that the local microstructure of the material needs to be considered in the scratch test analysis of particle composites.     

Damage evolution and energy dissipation of polymers with crazes

Craze damage evolution and energy dissipation of amorphous polymers with crazes have been studied. A mathematical model of a single craze (SC) is proposed by adopting the fibril creep mechanism. The viscoelastic characteristics of craze fibrils are supposed to obey the Maxwell model and the craze fibrils are assumed to be compressible. The assumption of Kausch [H.H. Kausch, The role of network orientation and microstructure in fracture initiation, J. Polym. Sci. C 32 (1971) 1–44] is adopted to describe the rupture of stressed fibril bonds. The craze damage evolution and the energy dissipation equations of a SC are derived. The equations are solved numerically and the life of a SC is computed. In a significant range of far-field stress, the dissipated energy varies linearly with the stress. Using the proposed model, the uniaxial stress-strain relation of polymers with low-density craze arrays (PLDCA) is investigated. The damage evolution equation of PLDCA is derived, which shows the mathematical relation between the damage of a SC and that of PLDCA. Based on the computed results, the variation of life of PLDCA with respect to applied stress is determined. Discussions are then given to the results and some significant conclusions are drawn.     

Fracture initiation associated with chemical degradation: observation and modeling

The fracture initiation in engineering thermoplastics resulting from chemical degradation is usually observed in the form of a microcrack network within a surface layer of degraded polymer exposed to a combined action of mechanical stresses and chemically aggressive environment. Degradation of polymers is usually manifested in a reduction of molecular weight, increase of crystallinity in semi crystalline polymers, increase of material density, a subtle increase in yield strength, and a dramatic reduction in toughness. An increase in material density, i.e., shrinkage of the degraded layer is constrained by adjacent unchanged material results in a buildup of tensile stress within the degraded layer and compressive stress in the adjacent unchanged material due to increasing incompatibility between the two. These stresses are an addition to preexisting manufacturing and service stresses. At a certain level of degradation, a combination of toughness reduction and increase of tensile stress result in fracture initiation. A quantitative model of the described above processes is presented in these work. For specificity, the internally pressurized plastic pipes that transport a fluid containing a chemically aggressive (oxidizing) agent is used as the model of fracture initiation. Experimental observations of material density and toughness dependence on degradation reported elsewhere are employed in the model. An equation for determination of a critical level of degradation corresponding to the offset of fracture is constructed. The critical level of degradation for fracture initiation depends on the rates of toughness deterioration and build-up of the degradation related stresses as well as on the manufacturing and service stresses. A method for evaluation of the time interval prior to fracture initiation is also formulated.     

汽轮机转子材料的蠕变损伤与抗裂特性研究

本文对汽轮机转子材料进行了蠕变断裂的试验研究。探讨了30Cr_2MoV材料在工作温度下的蠕变损伤及裂纹的启裂和高温断裂韧性特性.用直流电位法检测了裂纹的扩展量,并分析了各断裂参数和蠕变裂纹扩展速率的关系.     

伴随微孔洞生长的裂纹弹塑性定常扩展

裂纹在韧性材料中扩展时,将们随着微孔洞的萌生和生长,孔洞的萌生和深化将直接影响着材料的总体断裂韧性和强度,以往的研究主要集中在将裂纹的扩展刻划为微孔洞的萌生、生长和汇合这样一个过程。从传统的断裂过程区模型出发研究微孔洞的萌生和生长对材料总体断裂韧性的影响,通过采用Ｇｕｒｓｏｎ模型,建立塑性增量本构关系,然后针对定常扩展情况直接进行分析,孔洞对材料断裂韧性的影响由本构关系刻划,而在孔洞汇合模型中,上     

Dynamic toughness in elastic nonlinear viscous solids

This work addresses the interrelationship among dissipative mechanisms—material separation in the fracture process zone (FPZ), nonelastic deformation in the surrounding background material and kinetic energy—and how they affect the macroscopic dynamic fracture toughness as well as the limiting crack speed in strain rate sensitive materials. To this end, a micromechanics-based model for void growth in a nonlinear viscous solid is incorporated into a microporous strip of cell elements that forms the FPZ. The latter is surrounded by background material described by conventional constitutive relations. In the first part of the paper, the background material is assumed to be purely elastic. Here, the computed dynamic fracture toughness is a convex function of crack velocity. In the second part, the background material as well as the FPZ are described by similar rate-sensitivity parameters. Voids grow in the strain rate strengthened FPZ as the crack velocity increases. Consequently, the work of separation increases. By contrast, the inelastic dissipation in the background material appears to be a concave function of crack velocity. At the lower crack velocity regime, where dissipation in the background material is dominant, toughness decreases as crack velocity increases. At high crack velocities, inelastic deformation enhanced by the inertial force can cause a sharp increase in toughness. Here, the computed toughness increases rapidly with crack velocity. There exist regimes where the toughness is a non-monotonic function of the crack velocity. Two length scales—the width of the FPZ and the ratio of the shear wave speed to the reference strain rate—can be shown to strongly affect the dynamic fracture toughness. Our computational simulations can predict experimental data for fracture toughness vs. crack velocity reported in several studies for amorphous polymeric materials.     

Mode mixity and nonlinear viscous effects on toughness of interfaces

This paper examines steady-state crack growth at interfaces between polymeric materials and hard substrates under quasi-static conditions. The polymeric material is taken to be an elastic nonlinear viscous solid while the substrate is treated as a rigid material. Void growth and coalescence in the rate-dependent fracture process zone is modeled by a nonlinear viscous porous strip of cell elements. In the first part of this paper, the polymeric background material surrounding the process zone is assumed to be purely elastic. Under fixed mode mixity, the computed interface toughness is found to be a monotonically increasing function of crack velocity; toughness also increases rapidly with higher rate sensitivity. This behavior can be explained in terms of voids growing in a strain-rate strengthened process zone. In the second part of the paper, the background material is also treated as an elastic nonlinear viscous solid. The competition between work of separation in the process zone and energy dissipation in the background material leads to a U-shaped toughness–crack velocity curve. Effects of mode mixity, initial porosity, rate sensitivity, as well as the initial yield strain on toughness are studied. The simulations produce trends that agree with interface toughness vs. crack velocity data reported in experimental studies for rubber toughened epoxy-paste adhesive and urethane acrylate adhesive.