基于Burgers模型考虑损伤的岩石蠕变全过程研究

岩石蠕变是一个显著的非线性问题，而经典的Burgers 模型是一种线性蠕变模型，必然不能全面地描述岩石蠕变的全过程．当岩石处于高应力水平下的加速蠕变阶段，岩石内部损伤会不断产生和累积，蠕变呈现出明显的非线性特征．为了更好地描述考虑损伤的岩石蠕变全过程，本文假定加速蠕变阶段的损伤演化方程，将损伤引入到Burgers 模型中，提出了一种非线性蠕变损伤模型．然后以乔后盐矿试件蠕变实测数据为分析案例，验证模型在应用于实际工程时的准确性和适用性．最后根据Origin 软件数值拟合的结果，表明本文所提出的非线性蠕变损伤模型能很好地描述岩石蠕变全过程，模型参数取值也在合理范围之内，模型拟合曲线与实验所得数据具有较好的一致性．     

损伤对具初始缺陷压杆蠕变后屈曲路径的影响

采用标准线粘弹性蠕变本构模型和Karchanov损伤演化假设,研究了具初始缺陷的压杆在考虑损伤效应时的蠕变稳定性问题．分析表明,损伤对压杆的蠕变后屈曲有较明显的影响．     

动力损伤后的脆性岩石静力蠕变断裂模型研究

应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石的静力蠕变特性,对深部地下工程围岩变形的评价有重要的实践意义.动力载荷作用导致的局部细观裂纹损伤严重影响脆性岩石蠕变力学行为.基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、动力扰动损伤演化函数、静动力载荷演化路径函数与黏弹性本构模型,提出一种应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石蠕变断裂特性的宏细观力学模型.其中动力损伤通过控制岩石内部细观裂纹数量变化实现.模型描述了应力波动力扰动下岩石的应变时间演化曲线,解释了岩石动力扰动下蠕变失效特性.研究了不同应力波幅值及周期影响下的脆性岩石应变-时间关系曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性.讨论了动力损伤变化形式,突变发生时刻,突变量的大小对岩石蠕变失效特性的影响.分析了应力波幅值、周期对岩石动态动力损伤效应以及蠕变失效特性的影响.主要研究结果:动力损伤的变化值越大,岩石蠕变失效发生时间越短.冲击载荷扰动期间,动力损伤发生的时刻及增加的形式,对动力扰动后的岩石应变及蠕变破坏时间影响很小.动力损伤变化量随应力波幅值增加、周期减小而加速增大.应力波幅值越大、周期越小,岩石发生蠕变失效时间越短.     

含水状态下油页岩非线性损伤蠕变特性研究

为研究水对油页岩蠕变规律的影响,以不同含水状态下油页岩三轴压缩蠕变实验数据为依据,对水作用下油页岩蠕变3个阶段各自的力学特征进行了分析。作者认为,在衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段岩石内部损伤程度较小;当岩石处于加速蠕变阶段时,岩石内部不断产生损伤,呈现出明显非线性特征,同时水作用进一步加剧了岩石蠕变损伤程度。本文将非线性损伤演化方程引入到改进的Burgers模型中,将含水率变化引起的蠕变参数的变化引入到方程中,建立了不同含水率下油页岩非线性损伤蠕变模型。采用非线性最小二乘法反演蠕变参数,将蠕变方程计算结果与实验结果进行拟合,效果良好。     

高聚物细观损伤演化的研究进展

聚合物的银纹化损伤与断裂是一个复杂和重要的研究课题。简述了银纹引发的(热)力学条件和银纹成核的微观机理。结合最新的研究进展,对银纹向前扩展的弯月面不稳定机理、银纹增厚的蠕变机理和界面转入机理作了较详细的分析与综合。考虑银纹细观结构中横系的作用,对银纹结构模型、银纹微纤断裂判据、微纤断裂行为的分子量和缠结密度相关性以及银纹与裂纹相互作用等问题进行了较详细的综述。指出银纹生长和断裂的深入研究可望建立材料宏观断裂韧性和材料细观结构以及微观参数之间的关联,为进行材料韧性的微观设计提供一条可行的途径。并对今后这一领域的研究方向和重点进行了展望。      

纤维增强金属基复合材料整体蠕变性能的细观力学分析

高温下金属基复合材料的蠕变主要由基体蠕变和界面扩散蠕变两部分构成,以往的研究中常常只考虑其中一种蠕变机理,从而导致得到的规律具有较大的局限性．本文提出了一种可预测金属基复合材料整体蠕变性能的细观力学方法,同时考虑了基体蠕变和界面扩散蠕变两种蠕变机理,导出了具有张量形式并满足不可压缩性的界面扩散蠕变应变表达式．采用Mori-Tanaka法和自洽法二者结果的平均以便更准确地计算纤维中的应力,揭示了两种蠕变机理相互影响的竞争关系．研究了恒定双轴荷载下的总体蠕变和固定位移约束下的应力松弛这两种常见蠕变问题,探究了基体蠕变与界面扩散蠕变两种蠕变机理在总蠕变中发挥的作用,考察了不同加载条件和不同纤维体积分数对复合材料整体蠕变行为的影响．     

16MnR钢循环蠕变-疲劳交互作用损伤力学模型

应力控制模式下出现的循环蠕变现象,将和疲劳一起加速材料的损伤.在进行损伤评估的时候,需兼顾循环蠕变和疲劳的影响.在循环蠕变本构模型、延性耗散理论的基础上,建立循环蠕变疲劳交互作用损伤力学模型.进行16 MnR钢420℃下应力控制的脉动循环试验,选取一种新的损伤参量“等效模量”来描述循环蠕变和疲劳的综合作用,得到16 MnR钢420℃脉动循环时循环蠕变疲劳交互作用下的损伤演化估算表达式和寿命预测方法.通过试验验证,寿命预测结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

受载高聚物裂尖的损伤和银纹化

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，对高聚物裂尖银纹损伤的引发和演化过程进行了原位观测．将固态高聚物本体材料视为线黏弹体，裂尖银纹区视为非线性损伤区，通过构造银纹区的损伤演化方程，给出了银纹区应力模型和银纹生长规律，数值结果与已有实验吻合良好。     

脆性岩石蠕变裂纹成核宏细观力学机理研究

脆性岩石内部细观裂纹扩展、贯通及成核影响下的脆性蠕变行为, 对深部地下工程围岩微震及岩爆事件评价有着重要意义. 然而, 目前能够解释裂纹成核损伤突变影响下, 脆性岩石完整蠕变宏细观力学机理模型的研究很少. 本文基于脆性岩石亚临界裂纹扩展模型、裂纹-应变-声发射事件相关的损伤模型及裂纹成核损伤时间演化路径函数, 提出了一种脆性岩石裂纹成核损伤突变影响下的蠕变宏细观力学模型. 裂纹成核损伤时间演化路径函数通过岩石内部裂纹成核损伤突变大小$\Delta D_{CN}$及相邻裂纹成核损伤时间差$\Delta t$进行定义, 该函数可以结合岩石声发射监测试验数据定义的岩石损伤数据确定. 通过与试验结果对比分析验证模型的合理性. 并讨论了裂纹成核损伤大小、相邻裂纹成核损伤时间间隔、及裂纹成核数量对脆性岩蠕变裂纹长度、裂纹速率、轴向应变及应变率的影响. 该结果对于更加合理、经济、高效的深部地下工程施工及设计提供了一定的理论支持.      

玻璃态高分子材料银纹力学研究进展

银纹是玻璃态高分子材料所特有的一种现象, 它既是高分子材料的塑性变形和增韧机理, 又是高分子材料的损伤机理, 还是连接高分子材料微观损伤与宏观破坏的桥梁. 银纹的萌生、长大与断裂是高分子科学和固体力学所共同关注的难题. 过去几十年在试验、理论和数值模诸方面也取得了显著进展, 但较为系统的理论框架尚未建立, 人们试图把细观力学的基本知识与高分子系统银纹化现象联系起来的设想才刚刚开始,且尚未在指导高分子合金设计方面起到关键作用. 本文试图对近10多年来, 高分子银纹化的研究进展予以介绍和评述. 首先简要介绍银纹的基本形貌、萌生判据与生长规律, 然后分别介绍银纹断裂力学、银纹损伤力学和银纹细观力学的研究进展和成果, 最后概要介绍银纹分子动力学研究的最新进展.      

Cohesive-zone laws for void growth — I. Experimental field projection of crack-tip crazing in glassy polymers

A hybrid framework for inverse analysis of crack-tip cohesive-zone model is developed in this two-part paper to measure cohesive-zone laws of void growth in polymers by combining analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. This paper focuses on experimental measurements of the cohesive-zone laws for two nonlinear fracture processes in glassy polymers, namely multiple crazing in crack-growth toughening of rubber-toughened high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and crazing of steady-state crack growth in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) under a methanol environment. To this end, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is first applied to measure the crack-tip displacement fields surrounding the fracture process zones in these polymers. These fields are subsequently equilibrium smoothed and used in the extraction of the cohesive-zone laws via an analytical solution method of the inverse problem, the planar field projection method (P-FPM) [Hong, S., Kim, K.-S., 2003. Extraction of cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields of a cohesive crack tip: a field projection method. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 51, 1267-1286]. Results show that the proposed framework of the P-FPM could provide a systematic way of finding the shape of the cohesive-zone laws governed by the different micro-mechanisms in the fracture processes. In HIPS, inter-particle multiple crazing develops and the craze zone broadens ahead of a crack-tip under mechanical loading. The corresponding cohesive-zone relationship of the multiple-craze zone is found to be highly convex, which indicates effectiveness of rubber particle toughening. It is also observed that the effective peak traction, 7 MPa, in the crack-tip cohesive zone of HIPS (30% rubber content) is lower than the uniaxial yield stress of 9 MPa, presumably due to stress multi-axiality effects. In contrast, in PMMA, methanol localizes the crack-tip craze, weakening the craze traction for craze-void initiation to about 9 MPa and the fibril pull-out stress to less than 6 MPa. This reduction in cohesive traction, coupled with a strongly concave traction-separation cohesive-zone relationship, signifies environmental embrittlement of PMMA. These experimentally determined cohesive-zone laws are compared with detailed numerical analyses of effective microscale-void growth ahead of a crack tip in Part II.     

玻璃态聚合物银纹化过程的数值模拟

银纹化是玻璃态聚合物材料所特有的一种现象。本文在代表体积单元中嵌入能够刻划银纹萌生与生长的银纹单元，运用有限元方法对银纹化过程进行了数值模拟。银纹化过程中的最大主应力矢量图说明计算模型以及计算方法是比较合理的。而且，本文所揭示出来的银纹化过程的规律与实验中观察到的现象是吻合的。     

On the importance of thermo-elastic cooling in the fracture of glassy polymers at high rates

In a previous thermo-mechanical analysis [Estevez, R., Basu, S., van der Giessen, E., 2005. Analysis of temperature effects near mode I cracks in glassy polymers. Int. J. Fract. 132, 249–273] in which shear yielding of the bulk and failure by crazing were accounted for, we examined which of these two viscoplastic processes contributed to heat in mode I fracture. The present study completes this work by investigating the conditions for thermo-elastic cooling prior to crack propagation as reported experimentally by Rittel [Rittel, D., 1998. Experimental investigation of transient thermo-elastic effects in dynamic fracture. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35, 2959–2973] and Bougaut and Rittel [Bougaut, O., Rittel, D., 2001. On crack tip cooling during dynamic crack propagation. Int. J. Solids Struct. 38, 2517–2532] on high strain rate loading of PMMA. To this end, coupled thermo-mechanical finite element simulations are carried out by accounting for the thermo-elastic source, in addition to the heat sources related to shear yielding and crazing. The bulk as well as cohesive zone parameters for crazing realistically describe PMMA as they are obtained from detailed calibration experiments. Our results show that if significant thermo-elastic cooling has to be observed in the vicinity of the crack tip of a polymeric material, suppression of shear yielding as well as suppression of crazing is necessary. It seems that at these high strain rates a brittle fracture mechanism activated at very high stresses takes over from crazing, or at least that craze initiation occurs for stress levels very different to those for quasi-static conditions.     

Phase field modeling of damage in glassy polymers

Failure mechanisms in amorphous polymers are usually separated into two types, shear yielding and crazing due to the differences in the yield surface. Experiments show that the yield surface follows a pressure modified von Mises relation for shear yielding but this relation does not hold during crazing failure. In the past different yield conditions were used to represent each type of failure. Here, we show that the same damage model can be used to study failure under shear yielding and crazing conditions. The simulations show that different yield surfaces are obtained for craze and shear yielding if the microstructure is included explicitly in the simulations. In particular the breakdown of the pressure modified von Mises relation during crazing can be related to the presence of voids and other defects in the sample.     

Thermal contraction and volume relaxation of amorphous polymers

Two experimental techniques are described for the determination of the change of specific volume of polymers with temperature and aging time, which allow measurements between – 160 °C and + 200 °C. Four technical amorphous polymers, PS, PVC, PMMA and PC have been investigated. Volume-temperature curves under constant rate of cooling are presented and interpreted with respect to relaxation processes known from other physical investigations. The rate dependence of dilatometric glass transition temperatures is compared with the time dependence of rheometric glass transition temperatures from shear creep data. Volume relaxation data at constant aging temperature are presented. Aging is found to proceed until very low temperatures in the glassy state for e.g. PMMA.For polystyrene, a comparison is made between the predictions of a very simple theory of volume relaxation due to Kovacs with experimental data, using additional information from volume temperature curves and the time temperature shift of the shear creep transition. The theory predicts a rate of volume relaxation which is much lower than that found by experiment.     

非晶态高聚物裂尖银纹损伤场

在非晶态高聚物裂端塑性区引入银纹损伤，提出了一个修正的Dugdale模型，并由它确定塑性区的大小，算例表明，银纹损伤导致了塑性区深度的增加。此外，在Dugdale模型下研究了稳态扩展的端塑性区，在裂纹缓慢扩展、小范围银纹化以及材料为线粘弹性等假定下，由能量原理得到了控制裂纹生长的一个非线性微分一积分方程，从中看到银纹损伤的影响十分显著。     

Theoretical development and experimental validation of a thermally dissipative cohesive zone model for dynamic fracture of amorphous polymers

A thermally dissipative cohesive zone model is developed for predicting the temperature increase at the tip of a crack propagating dynamically in a nominally brittle material exhibiting a cohesive-type failure such as crazing. The model assumes that fracture energy supplied to the crack tip region that is in excess of that needed for the creation of new free surfaces during crack advance is converted to heat within the cohesive zone. Bulk dissipation mechanisms, such as plasticity, are not accounted for. Several cohesive traction laws are examined, and the model is then used to make predictions of crack tip heating at various crack propagation speeds in the nominally brittle amorphous polymer PMMA, observed to fail by a crazing-type mechanism. The heating predictions are compared to experimental data where the temperature field surrounding a high speed crack in PMMA was measured. Measurements are made in real time using a multi-point high speed HgCdTe infrared radiation detector array. At the same time as temperature, simultaneous measurement of fracture energy is made by a strain gauge technique, and crack tip speed is monitored through a resistance ladder method. Material strength can be estimated through uniaxial tension tests, thus minimizing the need for parameter fitting in the stress-opening traction law. Excellent agreement between experiments and theory is found for two of the cohesive traction law temperature predictions, but only for the case where a single craze is active during the dynamic fracture of PMMA, i.e. crack tip speed up to approximately 0.2c_R. For higher speed fracture where subsurface damage becomes prominent, the line dissipation model of a cohesive zone is inadequate, and a distributed damage model is needed.