非定常粘性空化流动模型及其数值计算

基于气液两相当地均相介质模型,本文给出了一种模拟非定常粘性空化流动的计算模型。认为空化绕流流场中流动介质是一种当地均匀的气液混相物。控制方程采用了应用两相流模型的N-S方程。基于液相和气相的状态方程推导了混合介质密度的表达式。为了保证数值计算的稳定性,控制方程的数值求解采用了TVD-MacCormack格式。为了评价计算模型的可靠性,分别计算了绕台阶和管道水锤的空化流动,所得结果是合理的,说明该方法可以用于空化流动的数值计算。     

基于汽相/液相界面跟踪方法的弯管内空化流动的数值预测

采用发展的基于Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程和液相/气相界面跟踪方法的单相空化模型和数值迭代算法,数值预测了二维弯管内空化卒泡的形状和相应的压力系数分布.将发展的二维空化模型和算法推广到i维空化流动的数值模拟,预测了三维非对称弯管内的三维空泡形状和流动特性.数值预测三维非对称弯管内空化流动时的卒泡位置和相应压力系数分布符合理论分析结论.研究结果证明了所发展的空化模型和算法能够应用于三维空化流动时的数值预测.     

轴流式水轮机内部空化流动的数值预测

将一种完整空化模型和一种混合流体两相流模型相结合,应用于轴流式水轮机全流道内定常空化流动的数值模拟。根据模拟结果,分别预测了水轮机在正常和较低尾水位情况下运行时,流道内空化发生的部位和程度,重点考察了尾水位的降低对水轮机空化性能的影响,为水轮机在特定运行工况下的空化性能预测提供参考。     

绕水翼片状空化流动结构的数值与实验研究

采用数值与实验相结合的方法研究了水翼片状空化流动结构.实验采用高速录像技术观察了片状卒泡形态,应用LDV测量了翼型周围的湍动能和速度分布;采用N-S方程和基于空泡动力学方程的空化模型计算了绕水翼片状空化流场.结果表明:在片状空化阶段,翼型吸力面上附着很薄的一层透明空泡,空泡彤态呈现于指状;随着空化数的减少,空泡尾部水汽交界面相互作用增强,并且空泡尾部出现大的旋涡,影响了空泡尾部区域压力和速度分布,片状空泡尾部的水汽混合区出现不稳定现象,同时存在小的空泡团脱落.数值模拟得到的水翼片状空化流动现象和实验观察到的结果基本一致,验证了计算模型和数值方法的可靠性.     

空化紊流流动的数值计算模型及其验证

本文介绍了一种空化紊流流动的数值计算模型,并计算了射流放水阀内部的空化流动现象。该模型基于均相平衡模型和液相与汽相传输方程,基本方程采用N-S方程,空化模型采用Kunz等提出的汽液质量转换模型。紊流封闭采用标准的κ-ε素流模型;稳定流动计算采用扩展的SIMPLE压力修正方法,非稳定计算采用PISO算法。为评价该数值模型,计算了绕射流放水阀的空化流动,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验结果取得较好的一致,说明该流动模型和计算方法是可靠的。     

部分流低温流体循环泵空化性能预测

为了对部分流低温流体(液氮) 循环泵空化特性进行预测. 基于软件 ANSYS-FLUENT, 计算选用Stardard k-ε 湍流模型,Simplec 压力耦合方式, 进行空化前 MRF 模型定常计算, 添加两相流参数, 选取 Singhal-et-al 空化模型, 添加两相参数, 考虑液-气密度比对低温流体液氮泵内能量的传递和交换的影响, 得到气液动量、 质量和能量守恒方程, 利用 RNGk-ε 湍流模型,Simplec 压力耦合方式, 对不同进液压力条件下, 部分流低温流体(液氮) 循环泵空化特性进行全流域空化数值计算. 进行泵空化特性试验, 在额定转速下, 随着泵前流体压力的降低呈现的空化性能, 数值计算与试验测得的泵头数值最大偏差在10% 以内, 曲线吻合性较好, 泵内流场空化发生伴有显著的压头下降, 空化过程增强, 空化区变大, 液相和汽相相互拖拽能力增强, 空化核心区由叶顶背压部分扩散到整个流道, 汽液界面不清晰, 直至断流. 本文采用的计算方法和研究结果为低温流体循环泵内部流体空化的诊断和性能优化提供了一定依据.     

伴随水力空化现象的对流换热数值研究

以水为介质,建立了液体流动的混合物多相流模型及空化模型,运用CFD方法对水平圆管内伴随有水力空化现象的受迫对流换热过程进行了数值研究,详细分析了管道入口压力、入口温度和限流孔与管道直径比等因素对水力空化及对流换热过程的影响规律。数值模拟结果表明,空化现象出现在圆管喉部(限流孔)壁面附近区域;与相同流量下无空化时的传热相比,在发生空化现象的区域,传热壁面被蒸汽所覆盖导致传热急剧恶化,而在远离空化发生区域的下游位置,由于空化的扰流作用使得加热壁面与流体之间的传热得到明显改善。     

混流式水轮机内部流场的三维空化湍流计算

本文通过理论分析,引入三维混合流体完整空化湍流模型,确定了混流式水轮机内部三维空化湍流计算的方法.用数值模拟手段对混流式水轮机的内部空化流场进行了计算,采用了全三维全流道的湍流计算方法,基于RNG的k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,从蜗壳进口到尾水管出口,包含所有流道在内的整体一次完成定常.根据得到的三维空化流场数据,对转轮内部流场进行了流场分析,求得了计算临界空化系数,和试验值进行了比较;模拟了特征工况下的尾水管涡带,和试验数据进行了比较.     

离心泵叶轮内空化流动的数值预测

采用发展的基于液相/气相界面跟踪方法和Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程求解技术的空化模型和算法,数值模拟了无空化和空化系数为0.07时离心泵水力性能与流量系数之间的关系,预测了离心泵叶轮内发生的多区域空化流动现象.研究结果表明,在空化系数0.07时,存在临界流量系数.此时离心泵水力性能突然下降.在空化系数0.07下,流量系数接近临界流量系数时,离心泵叶轮的压力面和吸力面均发生附着空化空泡,导致离心泵水力性能迅速下降.研究结果证明了所发展的空化模型和算法能够应用于离心泵空化流动时的性能预测.     

基于修正的RNGκ-ε模型的水翼空化数值模拟

基于全空化模型,提出了修正RNGκ-ε模型,并对NACA0015水翼的非定常空化流场进行了数值研究。基于标准RNGκ-ε模型和修正的RNGκ-ε模型,在8°和20°两种冲角及Re=3×10~5的条件下,针对不同空化数,分别预测了翼型周围的速度场、翼型表面的空穴形态以及非定常空化时空泡的演化过程。和试验结果对比,两个湍流模型都能较好地捕捉翼型周围的大空泡团,其中,标准的RNGκ-ε模型能较好捕捉翼型头部的空穴,修正的RNGκ-ε湍流模型能更好地模拟翼型表面的空穴形态、空泡脱落过程及其产生的回流。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.