SOLIDIFICATION VOID FORMATION IN TUBES: ROLE OF LIQUID SHRINKAGE AND BUBBLE NUCLEATION

Experiments were carried out to observe the solidification sequence and void distribution for experimental liquids enclosed in Pyrex tubes under a wide range of cooling rates. A physical model based on liquid thermal shrinkage and nucleation considerations has been developed to predict the number of voids formed in terms of the heat transfer rate and thermophysical properties of the phase-change material. Agreement of the results with our experimental data is encouraging. Understanding such aspects of the solidification process is vital to development of better thermal energy storage systems for a variety of applications.     

Natural convective heat transfer of Ag-water nanofluid flow inside enclosure with center heater and bottom heat source

A numerical study on natural convective heat transfer inside an enclosure with center heater using nanofluid has been carried out. The effect of different length of center heater on the flow and temperature fields is analysed for different Rayleigh numbers. Results are displayed in terms of streamlines, isotherms, mid height velocity profile and average Nusselt number. The numerical results reveal heat transfer increases with increasing heater length at both vertical and horizontal positions for increasing values of Rayleigh numbers. In particular, a higher increase in heat transfer is obtained with heater situated with vertical position of maximum length. Also it is obtained that enhancement of heat transfer is high for Ag - water nanofluid than CuO -water and Al₂O₃ -water nanofluids.     

Synthesis and characteristics of form-stable n-octadecane/expanded graphite composite phase change materials

N-octadecane/expanded graphite composite phase-change materials were prepared by absorbing liquid n-octadecane into the expanded graphite. The n-octadecane was used as the phase-change material for thermal energy storage, and the expanded graphite acted as the supporting material. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal diffusivity measurement were used to determine the chemical structure, crystalline phase, microstructure and thermal diffusivity of the composite phase-change materials, respectively. The thermal properties and thermal stability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The DSC results indicated that the composite phase-change materials exhibited the same phase-transition characteristics as the n-octadecane and their latent heat increased with the n-octadecane content in composite phase-change materials. The SEM results showed that the n-octadecane was well absorbed in the porous network of the expanded graphite, and there was no leakage of the n-octadecane from the composites even when it was in the molten state.     

用于住宅建筑的太阳能吸收式空调性能分析

夏季太阳能辐射强度与空调负荷有很好的一致性,这使得太阳能辅助空调具有独特的优点。根据郑州地区夏季太阳辐射和空调负荷特点,针对某一太阳能辅助吸收式空调系统进行了理论分析,该系统供冷对象为200m2别墅,采用60m2平板式太阳能集热器和一个带有辅助加热装置的集热水箱作为热源。在发生器温度为70—100℃,蒸发温度5—15℃的范围内计算了系统性能系数和太阳能利用率。计算结果表明,在5—9月份,太阳能可以提供建筑冷负荷的76—122%。     

Optimizing X‐ray mirror thermal performance using matched profile cooling

To cover a large photon energy range, the length of an X‐ray mirror is often longer than the beam footprint length for much of the applicable energy range. To limit thermal deformation of such a water‐cooled X‐ray mirror, a technique using side cooling with a cooled length shorter than the beam footprint length is proposed. This cooling length can be optimized by using finite‐element analysis. For the Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors at LCLS‐II, the thermal deformation can be reduced by a factor of up to 30, compared with full‐length cooling. Furthermore, a second, alternative technique, based on a similar principle is presented: using a long, single‐length cooling block on each side of the mirror and adding electric heaters between the cooling blocks and the mirror substrate. The electric heaters consist of a number of cells, located along the mirror length. The total effective length of the electric heater can then be adjusted by choosing which cells to energize, using electric power supplies. The residual height error can be minimized to 0.02 nm RMS by using optimal heater parameters (length and power density). Compared with a case without heaters, this residual height error is reduced by a factor of up to 45. The residual height error in the LCLS‐II KB mirrors, due to free‐electron laser beam heat load, can be reduced by a factor of ～11 below the requirement. The proposed techniques are also effective in reducing thermal slope errors and are, therefore, applicable to white beam mirrors in synchrotron radiation beamlines.     

太阳能光伏热水系统的能量梯级利用

为了实现太阳能光伏发电系统中用于冷却太阳能电池的低品位热能利用,本文提出了太阳能光伏热水系统。通过对单体光伏光热系统(PV/T)的实验研究表明,在单体PV/T放置角度为30°,流量为200 L/h时,集热效率可达到最大值65.6%,系统的平均发电效率为14.3%,瞬时综合效率最大为83%,达到了能量的梯级利用。     

月基对地观测跟踪转台设计与分析

针对登月过程严酷的力学条件、月球表面复杂的环境特征以及严格的重量要求,设计了一种可适用于月基观测的跟踪转台.该转台主要由水平轴系及驱动机构和竖直轴系及驱动机构组成,采用霍耳元件作为位置检测元件,其综合指向准确度≤0.1°.基于有限元分析方法确定转台结构方案、优化主要支撑件结构及合理选材,并对驱动机构与轴系对转台刚度、温度适应性和指向准确度的影响做了深入分析与计算.同时进行了整机的力学模拟试验和运动机构的高低温试验,一阶谐振频率为49 Hz,在-40 ℃ ～+80 ℃温度范围内工作正常.结果表明转台各项性能指标满足工程任务要求,具有结构紧凑、可靠性高、重量轻的特点.     

高性能太阳能固体吸附式制冷与供热联合循环研究

以电加热器为热驱动源,对所提出的太阳能供热与制冷联合循环的复合机系统进行了实际测试及性能分析。实验结果表明,供热与制冷联合循环的复合机装置,能有效地应用于太阳能为驱动源的固体吸附式制冷装置之中,并在制冷的同时对外供热,系统的总能利用得到了较大的提高,为太阳能制冷技术的有效利用作出了积极的探索。     

Stimulated radiative laser cooling

Building a refrigerator based on the conversion of heat into optical energy is an ongoing engineering challenge. Under well-defined conditions, spontaneous anti-Stokes fluorescence of a dopant material in a host matrix is capable of lowering the host temperature. The fluorescence is conveying away a part of the thermal energy stored in the vibrational oscillations of the host lattice. In particular, applying this principle to the cooling of (solid-state) lasers opens up many potential device applications, especially in the domain of high-power lasers. In this paper, an alternative optical cooling scheme is outlined, leading to the radiative cooling of solid-state lasers. It is based on converting the thermal energy stored in the host into optical energy by means of a stimulated nonlinear process, rather than a spontaneous process. This should lead to better cooling efficiencies and a higher potential of applying the principle for device applications.     

Performance and Exergy Analyses of a Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage and Grey Water Heat Recovery Unit

The main research objective of this paper was to compare exergy performance of three different heat pump (HP)-based systems and one natural gas (NG)-based system for the production of heating and cooling energy in a single-house dwelling. The study considered systems based on: 1. A NG and auxiliary cooling unit; 2. Solely HP, 3. HP with additional seasonal heat storage (SHS) and a solar thermal collector (STC); 4. HP with SHS, a STC and a grey water (GW) recovery unit. The assessment of exergy efficiencies for each case was based on the transient systems simulation program TRNSYS, which was used for the simulation of energy use for space heating and cooling of the building, sanitary hot water production, and the thermal response of the seasonal heat storage and solar thermal system. The results show that an enormous waste of exergy is observed by the system based on an NG boiler (with annual overall exergy efficiency of 0.11) in comparison to the most efficient systems, based on HP water–water with a seasonal heat storage and solar thermal collector with the efficiency of 0.47. The same system with an added GW unit exhibits lower water temperatures, resulting in the exergy efficiency of 0.43. The other three systems, based on air–, water–, and ground–water HPs, show significantly lower annual source water temperatures (10.9, 11.0, 11.0, respectively) compared to systems with SHS and SHS + GW, with temperatures of 28.8 and 19.3 K, respectively.     

冷冻靶中硅冷却臂的温度场和力学分析

冷冻靶是实现惯性约束聚变高能量增益的重要靶型。冷却臂是冷冻靶的重要部件之一,通过它将冷源与铝套筒相连接,用于获得靶丸内均匀氘氚冰层时所需的精确温度,同时冷却臂也用于均匀夹持铝套筒。首先测试分析了硅材料在深低温下的热传导系数,表明硅材料在该温区具有优异的热传导能力。研究了硅冷却臂结构参数对冷却臂温度场分布的影响。分析不同晶向硅冷却臂周向均匀夹持铝套筒的特性,提出基于(111)晶向硅片研制冷却臂。研究了冷却臂力臂夹持力和共振频率,并对硅冷却臂的热-结构耦合进行分析。最后设计具有16个夹持力臂的二级分叉结构的冷却臂。基于微电子机械系统技术研制了硅冷却臂样机,并测试了冷却臂的侧壁垂直度和力学特性。将研制的硅冷却臂与铝套筒进行装配,表明冷却臂中力臂的力学特性能够实现对套筒的夹持。     

高温相变蓄热电采暖器蓄放热特性的实验研究

本文对自研得高温相变蓄热电采暖器的蓄放热性能进行了实验研究,表明该电采暖器蓄热密度高,蓄放热性能稳定;针对放热末期散热进行了空气通道强化散热实验研究,结果表明其内部结构合理,蓄热时隔热性能好,放热时放热速率可满足普通取暖要求。     

Double-Arched LDA Stagger-Pumped Electro-Optic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis>-Switched Nd:YAG Green Laser Using KTP Double-Crystal Extracavity Frequency Doubling

We develop a laser utilizing second harmonic generation that exhibits both high single-pulse energy and high beam quality. The system starts with a double-arched laser-diode-array stagger-pumped electro-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG with a thermal lensing compensated convex-concave resonator. The 1,064 nm output beam is then frequency doubled in an extracavity KTP double-crystal assembly that offsets birefringence walk-off. We obtain a maximum single-pulse energy of 72.7 mJ at 532 nm with 176 mJ at 1,064 nm. The corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 41.3%, and the pulse width is 9.2 ns at a repetition rate of 20 Hz. The beam quality factor M² is 1.83 in both horizontal and vertical directions at the maximum output energy, and the energy stability is better than 3% across half an hour.     

全玻璃真空太阳能热水器强化换热机理分析

本文应用Ansys Fluent软件对加装导流板全玻璃真空太阳能热水器内自然对流流场进行三维数值模拟计算,并与实验进行对比分析,通过改变导流板长度和位置改善热水器内的流动和换热。结果表明,与无导流板结构相比较,加装导流板后管内涡流消失,流体流动稳定,有利于管内自然对流,增强了换热效果,水箱内温度分层效果明显,有助于提高换热效率;同时得出导流板长度最佳选择范围为1.4～1.6 m,导流板加装在玻璃管中间位置与距管中间位置偏下1/2之间范围内更有助于换热。     

Evaluation of the effect of a phase-change material on the thermal response of a bizone building under the climatic conditions of Tunisia

This paper extends the thermoelectric analogy method to study the thermal behavior of a concrete envelope of a dual-zone building containing microencapsulated phase-change material (PCM) and subjected to realistic climatic conditions based on weather data for a typical summer day in Tunisia. This work deals with a numerical study based on the nodal method to predict the effect of phase change on the thermal response as well as the energy flux reduction associated with the composite-envelope building.     

ARTIFICIAL DISPERSAL OF VOID PATTERNS IN UNIDIRECTIONAL FREEZING

Experiments were conducted to observe the effects of wire screens, wire wool mesh, and soluble gases on the solidification shrinkage void pattern for liquids frozen in constant-volume containers. Prospective applications of these techniques for creating artificial void dispersal are evaluated in light of the models for void initiation and growth developed in an accompanying article. All three approaches show promise of providing better management of solidification shrinkage voids when thermal energy is stored in phase-change materiats, especially under conditions where the voids are ordinarily concentrated to an unacceptable degree. We feel that these results will eventually help usher in a new generation of high-performance thermal energy storage systems due to better void control.     

深空环境下液滴辐射相变过程分析模拟

太空中固体粒子比液体粒子对航天器危害性大,计算液滴相变时间和温度变化对评估粒子危害性有重要意义.本文建立了太空环境下液滴辐射相变模型,分析了三种相变凝固模型,估计了水滴蒸发量,考虑了太阳辐射对液滴温度变化的影响,分别计算了水和氧化铝液滴的温度变化.结果表明:液滴粒径越小液滴冷却速率越大,三种相变凝固模型的相变时间差别较小;水滴蒸发比例均大于10%,其蒸发量不可忽略;水滴受太阳周期性辐射时,其温度在50 K至266 K之间周期性振荡变化.     

热声发动机用加热器的设计与实验验证

热声发动机利用热声效应将热能转换为机械能,热能由核心部件加热器提供。加热器在热声发动机的能量传递和转化过程中起着举足轻重的作用。针对热声发动机的工作特点,介绍了一种采用时均流对流换热公式进行热声发动机用加热器设计的方法。基于该方法,设计了一种新型热声发动机用电加热器,并应用于自行研制的太型多功能行波热声发动机试验台。设计计算和实验结果表明,该加热器能够充分满足热声发动机的加热要求。本文对以振荡流体为特征的换热器设计具有一定参考价值。     

液态锂实验装置中水冷效率模拟

应用商业软件CFX 计算了液态锂流速、热通量、冷却水的速度和温度对自由流动液态锂在热负荷作用下液态锂温度和水冷效率的影响。结果表明：液态锂温度随液态锂流速的增大而降低。热通量小于2MW·m^-2 时,水冷能够满足对液态锂温度控制的要求;在更大热通量作用下,水冷却显现出冷却能力不足。增大冷却水流速是降低液态锂温度、提高冷却效率的有效途径;冷却水温度对液态锂温度和冷却效率的影响较小。     

Radially polarized and passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with composite structure of gain medium

We report on a radially polarized and passively Q-switched Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG laser.The bulk Nd:YAG crystal is bonded with two undoped YAG crystal end caps to weaken the thermal lens e?ect and thus,enhance the extraction of stored energy in the bulk gain material.In the absence of active water cooling,the average laser power reaches 383 mW with 33% slope efficiency,and the laser pulse achieves 1.457-W peak power,18.9-ns duration,and 13.9-kHz repetition rate with 97.6% polarization purity.