旋转锥体表面积冰实验研究

通过小型冰风洞开展了发动机整流罩缩比模型即旋转锥体表面积冰可视化实验研究,获得了不同温度、锥体转速和液态水含量条件下不同时刻的霜冰、瘤状冰和刺冰三种类型积冰形貌,并且通过分析单个水滴在锥体表面的受力和传热进行了水滴的运动和凝固分析,结果表明温度越低水滴完全凝固所需的时间越短,当温度较高时,由于转速较大,锥体表面的未完全凝固液滴会在离心力作用下脱离锥面并在脱离的过程中凝固从而形成刺状结冰。     

变折射率介质相变过程辐射导热耦合换热RKPM模拟

基于无网格再生核粒子法(RKMP),采用等效热容法处理相变潜热的吸收和释放,通过求解梯度折射率辐射传输方程处理变折射率问题,建立半透明材料相变过程的辐射导热耦合统一的计算方法。计算了一维晶体和非晶体半透明材料凝固过程温度响应特性,考虑了折射率变化对相变过程的影响,通过和文献值对比,验证了RKPM能够模拟含有相变过程的辐射传输问题,且具有良好的精度。     

过热液滴闪蒸过程数学模型的建立与应用

本文以闪蒸蒸发机理的特殊性为出发点,基于过热液滴闪蒸所需热量由其内部过热能量提供这一理论基础,建立了全新的过热水滴闪蒸的现象学模型,使用MATLAB/Simulink进行求解,通过实验验证其有效性。经计算得出了闪蒸过程中液滴温度、直径、质量、蒸发速率和蒸发率的变化规律,并利用控制变量法,研究初始温度、闪蒸压力和液滴粒径对液滴温度变化、蒸发速率、蒸发率和闪蒸时间的影响,得出了具有代表性的结论。     

电场下液滴撞击过冷超疏水表面行为研究

本文通过观察液滴在电场作用下撞击不同温度的超疏水表面时的凝固相变行为以及运动特性。实验发现,当壁面温度一定时,随着电场强度的增加,液滴撞击表面的最大铺展系数无明显变化,同时液滴回缩拉伸出现了三种分裂模式,当电场强度较低时,出现珠状分裂;随着电场强度的增加,出现过度状态,进而出现丝网分裂;当电场强度足够大时,整个液滴直接反弹。当电场强度一定时,随着壁面温度的降低,液滴撞击表面的最大铺展系数无明显变化,撞击后液滴拉升高度变化不大,但反弹高度随壁面温度的降低而降低。     

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

倾斜均质表面上等径水滴聚合过程的可视化实验

对倾斜均匀表面上等直径水滴的聚合过程及特性进行了可视化实验研究,获得了水滴直径和表面倾角等参数对液滴聚合过程中液滴液桥半径、接触角和接触线变化特性的影响,分析了水滴聚合对其运动的影响.实验结果表明:表面倾角越大,下滑的临界半径越小;液滴的直径越大,液滴聚合后越容易下滑;液滴聚合可以加快液滴的运动,使下滑临界半径减小.     

温稠密钛电导率计算

温稠密物质是惯性约束核聚变、重离子聚变、Z箍缩动作过程中物质发展和存在的重要阶段. 其热力学性质和辐射输运参数在聚变实验和内爆驱动力学模拟过程中有至关重要的作用. 本文通过建立非理想Saha方程, 结合线性混合规则的理论方法模拟了温稠密钛从10^-5-10 g·cm^-3, 10⁴ K到3×10⁴ K区间的粒子组分分布和电导率随温度密度的变化, 其中粒子组分分布由非理想Saha方程求解得到. 线性混合规则模型计算温稠密钛的电导率时考虑了包括电子、原子和离子之间的多种相互作用. 钛的电导率的计算结果与已有的爆炸丝实验数据相符. 通过电导率随温度密度变化趋势判断, 钛在整个温度区间, 密度0.56 g·cm^-3时发生非金属相到金属相相变. 对于简并系数和耦合系数的计算分析, 钛等离子体在整个温度和密度区间逐渐从弱耦合、非简并状态过渡到强耦合部分简并态.     

过冷水滴凝固特性的计算与实验研究

针对飞机结冰的特殊凝固过程,基于Enthalpy-porosity模型,发展了改进的结冰特性预测模型及数值计算方法,并基于凝固实验开展了所建模型及预测方法的验证。研究表明,相对于传统Enthalpy-porosity方法,所发展的方法可有效表征非平衡凝固过程,因而对冷水滴凝固特性的表征具有较好的改进。基于所建方法,开展了水滴凝固特性的影响因素分析,获得了不同过冷条件下水滴凝固过程的温度分布及相界面变化特征。相关研究可为结冰热力学模型的改进,以及结冰特性的精细化预测提供重要参考。     

加热基底上附壁液滴蒸发动力学实验研究

为了了解液滴表面热流型演变规律及其对蒸发速率的影响,采用稳态蒸发实验研究了加热基底上乙醇和水滴的蒸发过程。液滴半径固定在R=2.5 mm,高度变化范围为0.4至1.4 mm。结果表明,随着液滴高度降低,乙醇液滴表面出现了中心不均匀的温度波动、热流体波及Bénard-Marangoni流胞,而水滴表面则没有明显温度波动。随着基底温度升高,液滴内部热对流增强;随着液滴高度降低,乙醇液滴蒸发速率先减小、后增大,而水滴蒸发速率则无明显变化。实验结果证实热对流对液滴蒸发速率具有明显促进作用。     

基于改进格子Boltzmann焓法模型的液滴凝固数值研究

为了研究不同冷壁面特性上液滴的结晶过程以及凝固速率的规律,利用通过加入对流换热和辐射换热项,使用固相体积分数修正流场的改进的焓-LB方法,使得模型模拟的结果更加精确.分析了液滴在6种不同的壁面特性下,凝固过程平均固相体积分数随时间的变化.分析了凝固后接触角及接触面积与半径的比值随亲疏水性不同的变化.结果表明:壁面的亲水性越好,液滴凝固成核后与壁面的接触角越小,接触面积与半径之间的比值越大;反之,壁面的疏水性越好,液滴凝固成核后与壁面的接触角越大,接触面积与半径之间的比值越小.在超疏水表面存在粗糙元间距较大时,凝固速率最慢,且与粗糙元的接触面积较小,有利于抑霜除霜.     

Peculiarities of heat transfer in water droplets with a solid inclusion during heating in a high-temperature gas medium

A physical model and a mathematical model of heat transfer in the conditions of inhomogeneous (with a solid inclusion—a carbon particle) liquid droplet evaporation while moving through high-temperature (800–1500 K) gases are formulated. Numerical investigations were performed using, as an example, a spherical inhomogeneous water droplet during heating in the air medium. The most probable mechanism of phase transitions in a water–carbon particle–heated air system is considered (the initial droplet size, radius, varied in the range from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, the inclusion radius was 0.1–1 mm). It has been found that in certain conditions, besides water evaporation from the outer (free) droplet surface, intensive vaporization is possible at the liquid–solid inclusion interface. Conditions of realization of these phase transitions in inhomogeneous water droplet–high-temperature gas medium systems are identified.     

Mechanism of heat transfer in heterogeneous droplets of water under intense radiant heating

Thermocouple measurements of temperature have been performed at three main points of heterogeneous water droplet–high-temperature gases system: on the surface and in the depth of a solid inclusion, as well as on the free surface of the water droplet. Investigations have been carried out for water droplets of an initial volume of 5–15 μl with single inclusions of cubic graphite particles of a typical size of 1 mm. The gas temperature varied from 700 K to 1200 K, which corresponds to the main practical applications: thermal purification of water from solid and liquid impurities, fire extinguishing, treatment of heat-loaded surfaces of power equipment, etc. A hypothesis about the dominant role of radiant heat transfer in vaporization within heterogeneous water droplets has been grounded. It has been shown that in a short period (a few seconds), the surface temperature of an opaque solid inclusion within a droplet can reach the boiling point of water. A significant change in the optical properties of water with increasing temperature has been revealed, i.e., water became partially transparent to the infrared radiation. Presence of an opaque heterogeneous inclusion enhances this effect due to intensification of the heating of the water film. The heat and mass transfer characteristics obtained in the experiments were used for designing a model that takes into account the radiative properties of water film and adequately reproduces the results of thermocouplemeasurements. Based on the findings of the investigations, a conclusion has been formulated that models of high-temperature evaporation of water droplets should be developed with due account of changes in the optical properties of water and formation of a vapor buffer layer around inclusions.     

高温电离气体中微细颗粒的加热

本文分析表明，自由分子流区高温电离气体中颗粒的团相加热、熔化、液相加热与强烈蒸发等加热阶段所需的时间，均正比于颗粒半径，其中蒸发阶段需时最长．颗粒表面温度高于约４０００Ｋ时，热电子发射开始显著影响颗粒的加热速率，辐射则在低得多的温度下（如２０００Ｋ）开始影响颗粒的加热．     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

均匀液滴尺寸及间距的实验研究

液滴发生器产生液滴的尺寸和间距影响液滴层的辐射和蒸发特性,液滴尺寸及间距的可控性值得重点关注。根据Weber的射流不稳定修正方程,确定了均匀液滴流产生的无量纲波数及扰动频率范围,结合射流质量守恒,分析了均匀液滴流中液滴的尺寸和间距与无量纲波数的关系。在不同喷孔直径和射流压力下,对理论和实验结果进行了对比,验证了液滴尺寸和液滴间距的理论计算结果,为液滴层辐射蒸发特性的研究提供了依据。     

The diminishment of specific heat and surface tension of coolant droplet in a dropwise evaporation process: A novel methodology to enhance the heat transfer rate

The rate of dropwise evaporation is significantly altered by additives, such as benzene, n-hexane and acetone in water. These additives change some of the thermal and physical properties of the coolants, which have significant impact on various parameters that controls the droplet evaporative cooling, such as sensible, heat extraction period, droplet momentum and contact area. The open literature does not reveal the effects of the aforesaid additives on the dropwise evaporation. Therefore, in the current work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of above-mentioned additives on dropwise evaporation rate and reveal the mechanism involved. The droplet evaporative cooling experiments are conducted on a 2 mm thick AISI 304 steel plate (10 × 10 mm). The result shows that with increment in benzene and n-hexane concentration in water, the evaporation time significantly reduces. This is attributed to the decreasing surface tension, specific heat and contact angle. However, in case of acetone, the reduction in evaporation time is achieved only up to a concentration of 300 ppm, beyond which the evaporation time increases. This is because of the significant consumption of time in recoiling of the droplet. In addition to the above, the mechanism for the aforesaid enhancement process is tried to reveal by developing the models. For the validation of the developed equations, experimental results are compared with the numerically computed data. The comparison discloses that the developed model is quite accurate and shows insignificant variation from the experimental results. R² and RMSE are also calculated for both the developed models and based on minimum recommended RMSE; the best model is also suggested.     

低压闪蒸液滴形态和温度变化的研究

将液滴在常压下突然置于低压环境中,液滴由最初的平衡状态变成过热状态,发生闪蒸.本文实验研究了低压闪蒸液滴内部形态和温度的变化,系统描述了液滴闪蒸过程中的各种形态变化,总结了稳态闪蒸和稳态结冰过程中环境压力和初始温度对温度变化的影响.实验结果表明液滴闪蒸分六种形态.稳态闪蒸中环境压力越低,液滴的最终温度也越低;液滴的初始温度越高,降到最低温度的时间越长.稳态结冰过程中,液滴初始温度增加,液滴结冰温度和结冰回升最高温度也随之增加;液滴的结冰温度和回升最高温度随环境压力的增高而减小.     

高速数字全息测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴三维位置、粒径及蒸发率

喷雾蒸发燃烧的研究对指导发动机燃烧系统设计具有重要意义。本文搭建了高速数字全息系统,在线测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴的粒径、三维位置、速度及蒸发率。对喷雾火焰中的液滴进行了统计分析,得到液滴粒径及三维空间分布。燃烧喷雾场液滴的平均粒径为68μm;非燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量多且较密集,燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量少且稀疏.追踪单液滴并处理得到湍流火焰中液滴的运动轨迹及速度。通过研究粒径的平方D2随停留时间ts的变化,测得液滴平均蒸发率为-3.343×10-7 m2/s.     

Diffusive growth of a single droplet with three different boundary conditions

We study a single, motionless three-dimensional droplet growing by adsorption of diffusing monomers on a 2D substrate. The diffusing monomers are adsorbed at the aggregate perimeter of the droplet with different boundary conditions. Models with both an adsorption boundary condition and a radiation boundary condition, as well as a phenomenological model, are considered and solved in a quasistatic approximation. The latter two models allow particle detachment. In the short time limit, the droplet radius grows as a power of the time with exponents of 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 for the models with adsorption, radiation and phenomenological boundary conditions, respectively. In the long time limit a universal growth rate as is observed for the radius of the droplet for all models independent of the boundary conditions. This asymptotic behaviour was obtained by Krapivsky [#!krapquasi!#] where a similarity variable approach was used to treat the growth of a droplet with an adsorption boundary condition based on a quasistatic approximation. Another boundary condition with a constant flux of monomers at the aggregate perimeter is also examined. The results exhibit a power law growth rate with an exponent of 1/3 for all times. Received 19 July 1999