串联超导纳米线探测器的多光子响应

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)具有探测效率高、暗计数低等优点,但通常工作在非线性模式,不具备光子数分辨的能力.在线性光学、量子计算等许多领域,通常还要求探测器能够对入射的光子数进行分辨.目前基于超导纳米线单光子探测器实现光子数分辨主要有三种途径:阵列结构的读出电路非常复杂,并联纳米线探测器(PND)的漏电流限制了最多可分辨的光子数目和系统效率,串联纳米线探测器(SND)的读出电路简单,而且没有漏电流,理论上可以分辨大量的光子数目,同时获得较高的系统效率.本文基于串联纳米线探测器结构,设计了一种6像元串联纳米线探测器,即6个纳米线单元串联,每个纳米线单元两端并联一个电阻RP.实验结果表明,在不同光功率下,该结构可以实现6个光子的分辨,而且可以工作在0.97IC,没有漏电流影响.     

超导单光子探测器件直流特性研究

超导单光子探测技术是基于超薄超导薄膜的非平衡态热电子效应的一种新型的单光子探测方法。超导单光子探测器(SNSPD)的计数率可达到GHz,时间抖动小于100ps,因而在未来量子通信系统中有着广阔的应用前景。介绍了NbN超导单光子探测器件的工作原理和器件超导性能测试系统;测试了超导单光子探测器件的电阻-温度、电流-电压等特性。并对测试结果进行了分析和讨论。     

自差分交流偏置超导纳米线单光子探测器

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)因其优异的综合性能,在量子信息、激光雷达等方面有广泛的应用.通常, SNSPD工作在直流偏置下,在时域上具有自由运行探测的优点.而在卫星激光测距、单光子激光雷达等光信号到达时间有规律的应用场景中,使用交流偏置有望提升器件运行速率、有效抑制背景暗计数,却存在信号读出困难的棘手问题.本文报道了自差分读出的交流偏置SNSPD系统,该系统包含两根并行排布纳米线构成的2-pixel SNSPD器件.给两根纳米线加载相同的100 MHz交流偏置信号,并对两路输出信号差分使噪声信号相抵消,实现光子响应信号的读出.基于该方法测得,响应信号的信噪比相比差分之前提升10倍,在交流偏置下器件的暗计数降低至直流偏置下的约1/4,计数率达到直流偏置下的约1.5倍.本文为交流偏置SNSPD测试提供了一种思路,为其应用提供参考数据.     

超导纳米线单光子探测系统的时间抖动

超导纳米线单光子探测(SNSPD)器件具有较低的时间抖动特性,可以实现低误码率的QKD和高精度的激光测距。文中对超导纳米线单光子探测系统的时间抖动进行了详细的分析和测量,分析了SNSPD系统各部分对系统抖动的贡献。使用时间相关的单光子计数技术(TCSPC)和示波器的抖动分析软件,分别测量了SNSPD系统的时间抖动,比较了两种方法的优劣。在两种测量方法下,系统总的时间抖动分别约为42ps和31ps,计算后得到单光子探测器件的抖动约为25ps。发现放大器的性能对系统时间抖动影响明显。通过使用不同放大器比较分析了测量得到的时间抖动。     

强吸收结构高速超导纳米线单光子探测器

本文研究具有强吸收结构的高速超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)的设计与仿真.该SNSPD基于高折射率入射介质和空气腔结构,可以提高超导纳米线的光子吸收率.与现有超导单光子探测器结构相比,在相同材料和厚度的超导超薄膜制成纳米线的条件下,用更低的占空比就可以实现接近于100%的吸收率,这使得电子束曝光步骤的难度大大降低.而SOI衬底的采用则可以同时保证超导薄膜的高质量生长,不影响探测器的本征量子效率.另外,在保证同样大的有效探测面积的条件下,由于需要的纳米线的总长度显著减小,制备过程中发生缺陷的概率显著降低,探测器的最高计数率可以得到提升.     

超导纳米线单光子探测器件的制备

超导纳米线单光子探测器件(SNSPD)是超导单光子探测系统的核心器件。文中介绍了成功制备的基于5nm厚的NbN超导超薄薄膜的SNSPD器件。器件核心结构为150nm宽的纳米曲折线结构,纳米线条占空比为75%,面积为20μm×20μm。超导纳米线是利用电子束曝光(EBL)技术和反应离子刻蚀(RIE)等工艺技术制备的。所制备的SNSPD样品,在温度3.5K下的临界电流约12.9μA;在1310nm波长光波辐照,12.5μA的偏置电流下,探测效率约0.016%。     

基于Nb/Al材料结构的超导纳米线单光子探测器的光学表征（英文）

本文主要研究了作为可见光和近红外光波段Nb基单光子探测器.在本文中概述了Nb+Al结构的超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)的制备,并对制备出的SNSPD器件进行了直流表征,测试了其超导转变温度,并从中选取了直流特性良好的样品进行了光学表征.当单光子探测器被一个直流偏置在其临界电流以下并接近临界电流值时,激光器发出的1550nm波段的光子脉冲到达单光子探测器,使其产生电学信号.20nm厚的SNSPD不能对单光子产生反应;5nm厚的SNSPD可以探测单个光子,并且计算了其系统探测效率.     

高效、偏振不敏感超导纳米线单光子探测器

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)因其优异的综合性能被广泛应用于量子通信等众多领域,然而其独特的线性结构会导致SNSPD的探测效率对入射光的偏振态具有依赖性,从而限制了SNSPD在非常规光纤链路或其他非相干光探测环境中的应用.本文基于传统的回形纳米线结构设计制备了一种新型偏振不敏感SNSPD,在纳米线周围引入一层高折射率Si薄膜作为介质补偿层来提高纳米线对垂直偏振态入射光的吸收效率,并将补偿层的上表面设计为光栅结构以减小不同波长下纳米线对不同偏振态入射光的吸收差异从而实现在特定波长范围内的偏振不敏感.除此之外,还采用介质镜和双层纳米线结构来提高器件的光吸收效率,测试结果表明该器件在1605 nm波长处最大探测效率为87%,对应的偏振消光比为1.06.该工作为未来实现高探测效率的偏振不敏感SNSPD提供了参考依据.     

超导纳米线单光子探测器动态电感研究

单光子探测是一种量子极限光信号的检测技术,超导纳米线单光子探测器(Superconducting NanowireSingle-Photon Detector,SNSPD)作为一种新型的单光子探测技术,在量子通信等众多领域有着广阔的应用前景。SNSPD的动态电感直接决定了SNSPD的工作速度。文中对SNSPD动态电感的特性和测试方法做了详细的研究,成功实现了低温下SNSPD动态电感的测试,并对结果进行了分析处理和研究。利用BCS理论对动态电感随温度、偏置电流变化的特性进行分析计算,并与实际测量结果对比讨论,为未来如何降低SNSPD动态电感、提高其性能的研究工作提供了参考依据。     

超导单光子探测器暗计数对激光测距距离的影响

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)是一种新型单光子探测器,具有灵敏度高、时间精度高、探测速度快和暗计数低等特点,在激光测距等领域具有重要应用前景.本文将SNSPD应用到1064 nm波段激光测距系统,研究了其暗计数和信噪比对激光测距的影响.基于实验获得的回波数据,结合激光雷达理论,研究了系统信噪比与脉冲积累次数的关系.分析表明,SNSPD暗计数是影响测距距离的关键因素之一.结合仿真,进一步探究了基于SNSPD的激光测距系统信噪比与回波率、暗计数的关系,暗计数较大时,信噪比随脉冲积累次数增加出现波动现象,回波信号湮没.由于SNSPD暗计数极低,本基于SNSPD的测距系统最远测距可达280 km,较同样条件下基于APD探测器的测距系统最远探测距离远40 km,在军事侦查、探测和制导等领域具有重要应用前景.     

Single field baryogenesis

We propose a new variant of the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis mechanism in which a rolling scalar field couples directly to left- and right-handed neutrinos, generating a Dirac mass term through neutrino Yukawa interactions. In this setup, there are no explicitly CP violating couplings in the Lagrangian. The rolling scalar field is also taken to be uncharged under the B - L quantum numbers. During the phase of rolling, scalar field decays generate a nonvanishing number density of left-handed neutrinos, which then induce a net baryon number density via electroweak sphaleron transitions.     

Single molecule diffraction

For solving the atomic structure of organic molecules such as small proteins which are difficult to crystallize, the use of a jet of doped liquid helium droplets traversing a continuous high energy electron beam is proposed as a means of obtaining electron diffraction patterns (serial crystallography). Organic molecules (such as small proteins) within the droplet (and within a vitreous ice jacket) may be aligned by use of a polarized laser beam. Iterative methods for solving the phase problem are indicated. Comparisons with a related plan for pulsed x-ray diffraction from single proteins in a molecular beam are provided.     

单偏振单模微结构聚合物光纤理论设计

采用全矢量有限元法并结合完美匹配边界条件,得到了一种新型结构的单偏振单模微结构光纤,以聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯为基材,对其偏振模场、快轴模和慢轴模截至波长和约束损耗进行了研究.结果发现,通过改变光纤结构参量,可以使光纤基模两个正交偏振态截止波长不同,光纤中只能传输基模的一个偏振态（慢轴模）.若调整光纤单偏振单模工作区在聚合物光纤通信窗口650 nm附近,该光纤传输慢轴模的约束损耗低于0.05 dB/m.     

Entanglement of Momentum for a Single Photon with a Single Atom

In this talk, the interaction of a single photon injected to a single atom is studied, for which initially the photon is uncorrelated with the atom. The spontaneous emitted photon will then evolve to be entangled with the atom on their continuous kinetic variables （momentum） in the process of resonant scattering. We find the relations between the entanglement and their physical control parameters （such as the linewidth of the injected photon wave packet, and that of the atomic wave packet, etc. ）, which indicates that high entanglement can be reached by broadening the scale of the atomic wave or squeezing the linewidth of the incident single-photon pulse.     

单脉冲飞秒脉冲激光对单层和高反光学薄膜的损伤

用电子束蒸发的方法在BK7玻璃上制备了ZrO2单层膜和ZrO2/SiO2高反膜,利用掺Ti:sapphire飞秒激光系统输出的中心波长为800 nm,脉宽为50 fs的激光脉冲对这两种样品进行了激光损伤阈值测试.实验结果表明,ZrO2单层膜的阈值比ZrO2/SiO2高反膜的高;这与传统的纳秒脉冲激光的损伤情况相反.利用光离化和碰撞离化激发电子到导带,形成电子等离子体基本模型并对此现象进行了解释.同时,用显微镜对样品的损伤形貌进行了观测,对损伤的特点进行了表征.     

Single quantum dot nanolaser

Recent theoretical and experimental progress on nanolasers is reviewed with a focus on the emission properties of devices operating with a few or even an individual semiconductor quantum dot as a gain medium. Concepts underlying the design and operation of these devices, microscopic models describing light‐matter interaction and semiconductor effects, as well as recent experimental results and lasing signatures are discussed. In particular, a critical review of the “self‐tuned gain” mechanism which gives rise to quantum‐dot mode coupling in the off‐resonant case is provided. Furthermore recent advances in the modeling of single quantum dot lasers beyond the artificial atom model are presented with a focus on the exploration of similarities and differences between the atomic and semiconductor systems.     

Single photon and nonlocality

In a paper by Home and Agarwal [1], it is claimed that quantum nonlocality can be revealed in a simple interferometry experiment using only single particles. A critical analysis of the concept of hidden variable used by the authors of [1] shows that the reasoning is not correct.      

Single flavor staggered fermions

Based on recent work by Adams, I construct a lattice fermion operator that fully lifts the staggered flavor degeneracy. The resulting operator is of Wilson type but smaller by a factor of 4, better conditioned and contains 3 instead of 15 doublers. It is further suggested that this operator may be used as a candidate kernel operator to an overlap construction. Prospects for practical applications and potential problems of the new discretizations are briefly discussed.     

Single grain boundary migration

Various driving forces which cause migration of grain boundaries in bicrystals are discussed. The analysis of experimental data for migration of symmetrical tilt grain boundaries 37° <001> 5 in Fe-3 wt. % Si bicrystals indicates that the migration velocity is proportional to the driving force only for relatively fast boundary movement. The observed deviation from linearity might be related to segregation of impurities at the grain boundary.