氧化锌基材料、异质结构及光电器件

Ⅱ-Ⅵ族直接带隙化合物半导体氧化锌（ZnO）的禁带宽度为3.37 eV,室温下激子束缚能高达60 meV,远高于室温热离化能（26 meV）,是制造高效率短波长探测、发光和激光器件的理想材料。历经10年的发展,ZnO基半导体的研究在薄膜生长、杂质调控和器件应用等方面的研究获得了巨大的进展。本文主要介绍了以国家“973”项目（2011CB302000）研究团队为主体,在上述方面所取得的研究进展,同时概述国际相关研究,主要包括衬底级ZnO单晶的生长,ZnO薄膜的同质、异质外延,表面/界面工程,异质结电子输运性质、合金能带工程,p型掺杂薄膜的杂质调控,以及基于上述结果的探测、发光和激光器件等的研究进展。迄今为止,该团队已经实现了薄膜同质外延的二维生长、硅衬底上高质量异质外延、基于MgZnO合金薄膜的日盲紫外探测器、可重复的p型掺杂、可连续工作数十小时的同质结紫外发光管以及模式可控的异质结微纳紫外激光器件等重大成果。本文针对这些研究内容中存在的问题和困难加以剖析并探索新的研究途径,期望能对ZnO材料在未来的实际应用起到一定的促进作用。     

ZnO一维纳米线及其异质结构的外延生长

一维纳米结构因其优异的光、电特性，在纳米电子学，光电子学器件等方面有重要的应用价值而倍受关注．在一维半导体纳米材料中，ZnO因激子束缚能大（60meV），可在室温获得高效的紫外发光而成为近年来继GaN材料后的又一研究热点．外延生长一维纳米结构ZnO及其量子阱材料除因量子尺寸效应更适宜做室温紫外发光、激光材料与器件外，还因界面和量子限制效应而具有许多新奇的光、电、和力学特性，可应用于纳米光电子学器件，传感器及存储器件，纳米尺度共振隧道结型器件和场效应晶体管的研制和开发．文章着重介绍了目前ZnO一维纳米结构制备，一维ZnO纳米异质结构和一维ZnO／Zn1-xMgxO多量子阱结构的外延生长和研究进展．     

ZnO薄膜的掺杂及其结型材料的研究进展

ZnO薄膜作为一种多用途的半导体材料，一直受到国内外学术界的广泛关注，尤其是自1997年发现ZnO薄膜的室温紫外光发射以来，ZnO薄膜的制备及其光电子特性的研究成为新的研究热点，几年来，研究进展非常迅速，巳报道了结型电致发光器件和光电探测器件的初步研究结果，文章结合作者的工作，综述了目前国内外对ZnO薄膜的掺杂以及ZnO异质结和同质p-n结制备方面的研究状况。     

氧化锌薄膜光电功能材料研究的关键问题

氧化锌薄膜光电功能材料是近年来新发展起来的研究课题,由于它在短波长光电信息功能材料方面具有潜在的应用前景而备受关注.为了开发ZnO结型光电器件,目前首先需要解决高质量ZnO单晶薄膜的外延及p型掺杂等关键问题.综合国内外的研究结果,结合我们的工作,叙述了利用多晶格匹配原理通过过渡层在Si衬底上异质外延高质量ZnO薄膜,介绍了用SiC作过渡层生长ZnO薄膜的有关问题.对ZnO的p型掺杂,分析了制备p型ZnO的困难和利用Ⅲ-Ⅴ族共掺杂方法生长p型ZnO的作用和优点.     

MOCVD法制备的p-ZnO/n-SiC 异质结器件及其电致发光性能

采用光辅助金属有机化学汽相沉积(PA-MOCVD)法在n-SiC(6H)衬底上制备出As掺杂的p型ZnO薄膜,并制备出相应的p-ZnO:As/n-SiC异质结器件。X射线衍射(XRD)和光致发光(PL)测试表明,ZnO薄膜具有较好的结构和光学特性。电流-电压(I-V)测试结果表明,该型异质结器件具有良好的整流特性,开启电压为5.0 V,反向击穿电压约为-13 V。正向偏压下,器件的电致发光(EL)谱表现出两个分别位于紫外和可见光区域的发光峰,通过和ZnO、SiC的PL谱对照,证实异质结器件的发光峰来源于ZnO侧的辐射复合。     

点缺陷调控:宽禁带Ⅱ族氧化物半导体的机遇与挑战

宽禁带Ⅱ族氧化物半导体材料体系,包括氧化铍(BeO)、氧化镁(MgO)、氧化锌(ZnO)及合金,拥有较大的激子结合能(ZnO 60 meV, MgO 80 meV),较高的光学增益(ZnO 300 cm~(-1))以及较宽的可调带隙(ZnO3.37 eV, MgO 7.8 eV, BeO 10.6 eV),具有实现紫外及深紫外波段低阈值激光器的独特优势,同时也是取代传统气体放电灯(汞灯、氘灯、准分子灯、氙灯)成为深紫外乃至真空紫外光源的重要候选材料之一.虽然经过20余年的研究历程, ZnO基pn同质结近紫外电致发光方向取得了长足进步,但是,随着带隙的展宽,伴随而来的受主(施主)离化能变高(百毫电子伏特量级),使得室温等效热能(26 meV)无法实现对杂质能级上的空穴(电子)有效离化;此外,掺杂过程中存在的自补偿效应也进一步弱化了载流子的产率,以上因素已经成为了阻碍宽禁带Ⅱ族氧化物半导体实现紫外激光器件及向更短波长扩展的瓶颈性问题,同时也是其他宽禁带半导体材料共同面对的难题.对材料电学及发光性能的调控往往取决于对关键缺陷态的识别与控制,丰富的点缺陷及其组合类型,使宽禁带Ⅱ族氧化物半导体成为研究缺陷物理的重要平台.针对特定点缺陷的识别及表征将有望发现并进一步构建能级较浅的缺陷态,为电学性能调控提供基础.本文从高质量外延生长、杂质与点缺陷、p型掺杂及紫外电致发光三个方面阐述Ⅱ族氧化物半导体近期研究结果,通过对相关研究工作的概览,阐明该体系作为深紫外光源材料的独特优势的同时,指明未来针对电学性能调控的关键在于对点缺陷的调控.     

聚苯胺/ZnO纳米线薄膜材料作为发光层的柔性光电器件 及其发光机理

综合氧化锌纳米线(ZnO NWs)的光学活性与聚苯胺(PANI)的空穴传输特性,设计并制备了一种聚合物/ZnO纳米线电致发光材料,并对其发光特性进行了研究。通过高分子络合软模板法,将有序的单晶ZnO NWs均匀生长在覆有铟锡氧化物(ITO)涂层的柔性聚乙烯对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)衬底上并嵌入PANI薄膜,获得了电致发光薄膜材料和有机/无机异质结实验器件ITO/(ZnO NWs-PANI)。有机/无机异质结器件电致发光可调,在相对低的开启电压下呈现室温蓝紫外发光,并且ZnO NWs表面覆盖PANI增加了蓝紫外发光的强度和稳定性;而无PANI的ZnO NWs阵列具有450 nm处的缺陷发射峰,这可能是电子从扩展态锌间隙Zn_i到价带的跃迁引起的。这些结果表明,基于PANI/ZnO纳米线的复合材料在柔性光电器件方面的应用极具潜力。     

Ag掺杂p型ZnO薄膜及其光电性能研究

采用超声喷雾热分解法在石英衬底上以醋酸锌水溶液为前驱体,以硝酸银水溶液为Ag掺杂源生长了Ag掺杂ZnO(ZnO：Ag)薄膜.研究了衬底温度对所得ZnO：Ag薄膜的晶体结构、电学和光学性质的影响规律.所得ZnO：Ag薄膜结构良好,在室温光致发光谱中检测到很强的近带边紫外发光峰,透射光谱中观测到非常陡峭的紫外吸收截止边和较高的可见光区透过率,表明薄膜具有较高的晶体质量与较好的光学特性.霍尔效应测试表明,在500℃下获得了p型导电的ZnO：Ag薄膜,载流子浓度为5.30×10¹⁵cm关键词： ZnO：Ag薄膜 p型掺杂 超声喷雾热分解 霍尔效应     

生长在p-GaAs衬底上的ZnO基异质结二极管电致发光(英文)

利用等离子体辅助分子束外延在p型砷化镓衬底上制备了ZnO异质结发光二极管。实验表明:GaAs与ZnO之间的氧化镁绝缘层能够有效改善器件光电性能,I-V特性的研究表明该器件具有良好的整流特性,开启电压为3 V,电致发光光谱由一个紫外发光峰和一个可见发光带构成,其来源分别为ZnO层中近带边缺陷以及深能级缺陷相关的辐射复合。     

CVD法制备p-ZnO薄膜/n-Si异质结发光二极管及其性能研究

利用简单的化学气相沉积方法, 首先在n-Si衬底上生长Sb掺杂p-ZnO薄膜, 并在此基础上制作了p-ZnO/n-Si异质结发光二极管．对制备的Sb掺杂ZnO薄膜 在800 ℃下进行了热退火处理, 发现退火后样品的晶体质量和表面形貌都得到明显提高, 并且薄膜呈现的电导类型为p型, 载流子浓度为9.56× 10¹⁷ cm^-3. 此外, 该器件还表现出良好的整流特性, 正向开启电压为4.0 V, 反向击穿电压为9.5 V. 在正向45 mA的注入电流条件下, 器件实现了室温下的电致发光. 这说明较高质量的ZnO薄膜也可以通过简单的化学气相沉积方法来实现, 这为ZnO基光电器件的材料制备提供了一种简单可行的方法. 关键词： CVD p-ZnO 异质结 电致发光     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.