应用FTIR研究超声对牛血清白蛋白二级结构的影响

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合荧光光谱研究了牛血清白蛋白(BSA)在超声作用下的结构变化。荧光光谱表明,超声作用使BSA溶液荧光光谱最大发射峰发生了蓝移,表明超声改变了BSA中色氨酸(Trp)残基环境;荧光强度的降低表明超声改变了蛋白质分子的构象,具有荧光猝灭效应。采用对BSA红外光谱酰胺Ⅰ带进行曲线拟合的方法,定量分析了不同超声功率、时间对BSA二级结构的影响,发现超声作用对BSA中的α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角及无规卷曲的相对含量有不同程度的影响;超声作用具有使BSA的二级结构由α-螺旋向β-折叠、β-转角转化的趋势,而无规则卷曲含量则基本不受超声影响而保持相对稳定。     

高压和酶解对热变性大米蛋白溶解及结构特征的影响(英文)

研究了100MPa高压和酶解处理对热变性大米蛋白溶解性和分子结构特征的影响。结果显示:高压处理后再用Alcalase(碱性蛋白酶)酶解可使大米蛋白的溶解性由单纯酶解时的58.9%提高到75.33%;SE-HPLC(高效液相凝胶色谱法)分析显示,高压处理可使57~105ku的大分子蛋白质溶出,且随着酶解时间延长,该组分消失,4.4和2.0ku组分含量增加,而非高压处理者没有大分子的溶解;FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)分析显示,高压处理的样品中β-折叠和β-转角结构占主导地位;SEM(扫描电子显微镜)分析表明,高压处理使致密的大米蛋白体结构变得疏松。以上结果表明,高压处理改变了蛋白的空间结构,进而改变蛋白的酶解位点,从而提高了大米蛋白的溶解性。     

超高压引发胰蛋白构象变化与酶活性间的关系

采用超高压技术处理胰蛋白酶,改变其空间结构,研究酶空间结构变化与酶活力之间的关系。采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)检测超高压处理后胰蛋白酶的二级结构变化;采用荧光光谱检测处理后胰蛋白酶的三级结构;酶活力的检测采用福林酚法。结果显示,与未处理的相比,在37 ℃,不同压力(100～600 MPa)条件处理20 min,对胰蛋白酶活力影响显著(p＜0.05)。其中,300 MPa处理,胰蛋白酶活力达到最大,较未处理的酶活提高了0.386倍。FTIR检测分析显示,300 MPa处理的胰蛋白酶,α-螺旋与β-转角的峰面积比值达到最大(2.749);内源性荧光光谱检测结果显示,当激发波长为295 nm,其荧光强度达到最高值(1 353);激发波长为280 nm,其荧光强度达到最高(4 262);外源性荧光光谱结果显示,当激发波长为228 nm,疏水氨基酸残基的荧光强度达到最高(2 022); 上述荧光强度的变化较0.1 MPa处理的胰蛋白酶均有显著差异(p＜0.05)。结论：超高压处理影响胰蛋白酶的空间结构及酶活性。其中,胰蛋白酶活性与α-螺旋和β-转角的峰面积的比值、色氨酸等疏水氨基酸及酪氨酸残基暴露程度有关。     

超声处理黑豆蛋白结构变化的拉曼光谱分析

探究了拉曼光谱应用于黑豆蛋白结构变化研究的可行性,研究了黑豆蛋白溶液在低频超声处理在不同超声强度、不同处理时间下的结构变化,并进行了热力学特性分析。低、中超声处理强度下TD的降低表明蛋白质分子的内部疏水作用被破坏,使黑豆蛋白不稳定的聚集体解聚为小分子可溶性聚集物,而在高超声处理强度下TD的增高表明聚集体重聚。拉曼光谱分析表明超声处理下除了E样品(300 W, 24 min)所有黑豆蛋白均发生了α-螺旋结构含量降低和β-折叠结构含量增高。聚集体的聚合/解聚导致黑豆蛋白二级结构的重组,尤其是β-折叠。超声处理使拉曼光谱在760 cm-1的色氨酸归属谱线强度降低表明超声处理使黑豆蛋白发生了部分的解折叠。超声处理下酪氨酸归属谱线强度变化不显著,表明超声处理并未显著改变黑豆蛋白酪氨酸的微环境。1 450 cm-1拉曼归属谱带随着超声处理强度和时间的增加而增大,但随着功率及处理时间的进一步增大此值有所降低。在超声处理下聚集体的形成使二硫键的g-g-t构型转变为t-g-t构型。尽管黑豆蛋白聚集体重组的机理仍有待研究,但拉曼光谱是一种研究超声处理黑豆蛋白结构变化的可行方法,也可为蛋白质结构研究提供一种新的研究思路。     

应用SRCD和FTIR分析超高压处理对蘑菇多酚氧化酶二级结构的影响

应用同步辐射紫外真空圆二色光谱(SRCD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱研究了超高压(HHP)处理对蘑菇多酚氧化酶(PPO)二级结构和三级结构的影响。HHP处理使蘑菇PPO的α-螺旋含量明显减少,二级结构发生改变。通过SRCD光谱和FTIR光谱分析得出的未处理或HHP处理蘑菇PPO的二级结构含量均存在一定的差异,这种差异可能是由于测量温度、酶液浓度和分析方法等多种因素造成的。荧光光谱表明,HHP处理后,蘑菇PPO溶液荧光光谱的强度降低,最大发射峰发生了红移,表明HHP处理改变了蘑菇PPO分子的三级结构。     

超声处理黑豆蛋白结构变化的拉曼光谱分析（英文）

探究了拉曼光谱应用于黑豆蛋白结构变化研究的可行性,研究了黑豆蛋白溶液在低频超声处理在不同超声强度、不同处理时间下的结构变化,并进行了热力学特性分析。低、中超声处理强度下TD的降低表明蛋白质分子的内部疏水作用被破坏,使黑豆蛋白不稳定的聚集体解聚为小分子可溶性聚集物,而在高超声处理强度下TD的增高表明聚集体重聚。拉曼光谱分析表明超声处理下除了E样品(300 W,24 min)所有黑豆蛋白均发生了α-螺旋结构含量降低和β-折叠结构含量增高。聚集体的聚合/解聚导致黑豆蛋白二级结构的重组,尤其是β-折叠。超声处理使拉曼光谱在760 cm~(-1)的色氨酸归属谱线强度降低表明超声处理使黑豆蛋白发生了部分的解折叠。超声处理下酪氨酸归属谱线强度变化不显著,表明超声处理并未显著改变黑豆蛋白酪氨酸的微环境。1 450 cm~(-1)拉曼归属谱带随着超声处理强度和时间的增加而增大,但随着功率及处理时间的进一步增大此值有所降低。在超声处理下聚集体的形成使二硫键的g-g-t构型转变为t-g-t构型。尽管黑豆蛋白聚集体重组的机理仍有待研究,但拉曼光谱是一种研究超声处理黑豆蛋白结构变化的可行方法,也可为蛋白质结构研究提供一种新的研究思路。     

牛α-乳白蛋白-亚油酸复合物的结构及抗肿瘤活性

利用内源性荧光光谱、荧光探针(ANS)结合荧光光谱及圆二色谱,以乳白蛋白-油酸为参照,研究了乳白蛋白结合亚油酸后,疏水性氨基酸、疏水性区域、三级结构及二级结构的变化,并利用亚甲基蓝的方法评价了该复合物的抗肿瘤活性。荧光光谱结果显示,与乳白蛋白-油酸复合物类似,乳白蛋白结合亚油酸后,其内源性荧光光谱显著红移,从331.07 nm移至337.60 nm;外源性ANS结合光谱蓝移,从516.20 nm移至508.50 nm;且荧光强度增加,表明乳白蛋白结合亚油酸后同样出现了疏水性氨基酸及疏水性区域暴露的现象。圆二色谱结果表明,与乳白蛋白-油酸复合物类似,乳白蛋白结合亚油酸后,三级结构部分丧失,二级结构中β-转角及无规卷曲的含量显著降低,β-折叠含量增加。细胞实验证实了乳白蛋白-亚油酸复合物具有良好的抗肿瘤效果。该研究从复合物结构和功能的两方面,为新型抗肿瘤乳白蛋白-亚油酸复合物的开发提供了依据。     

脉冲电场对脂肪氧化酶及多酚氧化酶构象影响的光谱分析

以多酚氧化酶(Polyhenol oxidase, PPO)和脂肪氧化酶(Lipoxygenase, LOX)为研究材料, 利用圆二色谱(CD)和荧光光谱分析了脉冲电场(PEF)对此两种酶蛋白二级和三级构象的影响。PPO和LOX酶活在电场强度为20 kV·cm-1的同轴处理室内处理320 μs分别降低了60.3%和21.7%,并且,随着电场强度的增大, 脉冲处理时间的延长, PPO与LOX酶的活性进一步降低。通过CD光谱图发现, PEF处理后,PPO和LOX的α-螺旋含量显著降低, 而β-折叠含量则呈现增长, 表明PPO与LOX酶蛋白中的二级构象在PEF处理后发生了极大的改变, 酶活钝化和二级结构的破坏之间存在对应关系。PEF处理后LOX的荧光强度增加, 随电场强度增强荧光强度增加幅度显著增大,表明PEF破坏了LOX三级构象,酶活钝化和三级结构的破坏之间存在对应关系。     

PSⅡ中蛋白二级结构中β聚合效应的红外光谱研究

利用Fourier变换红外光谱（FTIR）方法研究了光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）膜颗粒中蛋白二级结构在高温条件下的β聚合效应。具有生物活性和高温蛋白的β聚合样品的红外光谱测量温度均是室温，它们的酰胺Ⅰ吸收带被用来对两种样品的特性进行定量的分析。光谱的分析方法采用了直接Lorentz线型拟合，光谱结果表明光系统Ⅱ二级结构在400℃下发生热变性后，其红外光谱将发生很强的不可逆的变化。但其红外光谱与活性PSⅡ蛋白一样仍可用3个Lorentz线型拟合，显示了FTIR红外光谱方法在研究蛋白热变性方面的优越性。     

高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活性及构象的影响

 高压处理对果蔬过氧化物酶活性的钝化程度会影响果蔬的感官品质和贮藏期,有必要研究高压条件下过氧化物酶的结构变化与其活性的关系。采用圆二色谱法和荧光光谱法,研究了室温下,100、300、500 MPa压力分别处理15 min对辣根过氧化物酶二级、三级结构及活性的影响。结果表明：高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）有钝化作用,随着处理压力的增加,HRP的活性依次下降2.36%、5.69%、10.36%,HRP较耐压;HRP的α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规卷曲含量的升幅均小于4%,β-转角含量显著下降,且下降程度均达到11%;高压处理后的HRP在234 nm激发光谱和308 nm发射光谱特征峰的荧光强度下降,下降程度依次为18.28%、5.46%和4.04%,且100 MPa压力下处理的HRP荧光强度下降的程度最大。说明高压处理对HRP有钝化作用,且与其二级和三级结构的变化有关。     

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasound pretreatment under low power density on the enzymolysis and the structure characterization of defatted wheat germ protein

The effects of ultrasonic frequency mode, power density, pretreatment time and other parameters under low power density on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate were studied in this research. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra, free sulfhydryl (SH), disulfide bond (SS), surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content of ultrasound-pretreated protein and hydrophobic amino acid (HAA) content of alcalase-hydrolysate of DWGP were measured under optimized ultrasonic condition. The ultrasonic frequency mode with dual-fixed frequency combination of 28/40 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate compared with that of other ultrasound frequency modes and all the ultrasonic frequency combinations involving in 28 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity. Under the dual-fixed frequency ultrasound mode of 28/40 kHz, ultrasonic power density of 60 W/L, pretreatment time of 70 min, temperature of 60°C and substrate concentration of 60 g/L, the ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate was the highest with its value of 74.75% (increased by 62.30% compared to control). However, all the ultrasonic pretreatment did not increase the DH of DWGP significantly (p > 0.05). The changes in UV–Vis spectra, SH and SS groups, surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content indicated that the structure of DWGP unfolded after ultrasound pretreatment. The HAA content of hydrolysate from the pretreated DWGP increased significantly (p < 0.05). The results proved that ultrasound pretreatment loosed the protein structure and exposed more HAA residues of protein to be attacked easily by alcalase. This resulted in the increase in the HAA content which related to the ACE inhibitory activity.     

Pretreatment of defatted wheat germ proteins (by-products of flour mill industry) using ultrasonic horn and bath reactors: Effect on structure and preparation of ACE-inhibitory peptides

The ultrasonic horn and bath reactors were compared based on production of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from defatted wheat germ proteins (DWGP). The DWGP was sonicated before hydrolysis by Alcalase. Degree of hydrolysis, ACE-inhibitory activity, surface hydrophobicity, fluorescence intensity, free sulfhydryl (SH), and disulfide bond (SS) were determined. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate was obtained at power intensity of 191.1 W/cm² for 10 min in the ultrasonic horn reactor. The fixed frequency of 33 kHz and the sweep frequency of 40 ± 2 kHz resulted in the maximum ACE-inhibitory activity. The combined irradiation of dual fixed frequency (24/68 kHz) produced significant increase in ACE-inhibitory activity compared with single frequency (33 kHz). The ultrasonic probe resulted in significant higher ACE-inhibitory activity compared with ultrasonic bath operating at single or dual fixed and sweep frequencies. The changes in conformation of the DWGP due to sonication were confirmed by the changes in fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity, SH_f and SS contents and they were found in conformity with the ACE-inhibitory activity in case of the ultrasonic horn reactor but not in bath reactor.     

Effect of ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment on the hydrolysis degree and antigenicity of enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein

With the aim to reduce the antigenicity of whey protein hydrolysate in milk, the pretreatment method of coupling ultrasonic and ionic liquid (US-IL) and further enzymatic treatments were studied. Papain and alcalase were found to be suitable for ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment. After ultrasound-ionic liquid treatment, the antigenic decline rates of ALA and BLG upon alcalase hydrolysis were 82.82% and 88.01%, and that of the papain hydrolysis was 81.87% and 88.46%, respectively. Upon ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment, the molecular weight of whey protein did not change significantly, but the small molecular weight proportion of components in the enzymatic hydrolysate obviously increased. The findings showed that combining with US-IL pretreatment for further protease hydrolysis of whey proteins, the hydrolysate can be used in order to produce hypoallergenic bovine whey proteins.     

Ultrasound-assisted preparation of ACE inhibitory peptide from milk protein and establishment of its in-situ real-time infrared monitoring model

A scheme for preparing milk ACE inhibitory peptides by in vitro proteolysis and simulated gastrointestinal digestion was constructed. The ultrasonic assisted pretreatment was used to improve the enzymolysis of milk protein. The in-situ real-time infrared was used to establish monitoring model of enzymatic process. Results showed that under the conditions of single frequency 28 kHz, ultrasound time 40 min, ultrasound power density 20 W/L, milk protein concentration 34 g/L, batch ratio 2:4 and initial temperature 30 °C, the ACE inhibition rate of gastric digestion of enzymatic hydrolysate reached 67.20%, which was 22.87% higher than that of non-ultrasound samples. The results of secondary structure studies of proteins showed that after the ultrasonic treatment, the content of α-helix and β-corner reduced, and the content of β-folding and random coil increased. Compared with the control group, the ultrasonic treatment increased surface hydrophobicity and the content of SH while reduced the content of SS in milk protein, thus improving the ACE inhibitory activity of enzymatic hydrolysates. Furthermore, three quantitative prediction models of PLS, iPLS and Si-PLS for ACE inhibition rate of milk protease hydrolysates were established. And all these three different in-situ real-time prediction models had good predictive effect on the ACE inhibition rate of milk proteolysis products and gastrointestinal simulated digestion products.     

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on ovomucin: Structure,functional properties and bioactivity

The effects of ultrasonic treatment on the structure, functional properties and bioactivity of Ovomucin (OVM) were investigated in this study. Ultrasonic treatment could significantly enhance OVM solubility without destroying protein molecules. The secondary structure changes, including β-sheet reduction and random coil increase, indicate more disorder in OVM structure. After ultrasonic treatment, the OVM molecule was unfolded partially, resulting in the exposure of hydrophobic regions. The changes in OVM molecules led to an increase in intrinsic fluorescence and surface hydrophobicity. By detecting the particle size of protein solution, it was confirmed that ultrasonic treatment disassembled the OVM aggregations causing a smaller particle size. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images showed that ultrasonic cavitation significantly reduced the tendency of OVM to form stacked lamellar structure. Those changes in structure resulted in the improvement of foaming, emulsification and antioxidant capacity of OVM. Meanwhile, the detection results of ELISA showed that ultrasonic treatment did not change the biological activity of OVM. These results suggested that the relatively gentle ultrasound treatment could be utilized as a potential approach to modify OVM for property improvement.     

Ultrasound assisted enzymatic depolymerization of aqueous guar gum solution

The present work investigates the effectiveness of application of low intensity ultrasonic irradiation for the intensification of enzymatic depolymerization of aqueous guar gum solution. The extent of depolymerization of guar gum has been analyzed in terms of intrinsic viscosity reduction. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters related to the enzyme activity as well as the intrinsic viscosity reduction of guar gum using enzymatic approach has been evaluated. The kinetic rate constant has been found to increase with an increase in the temperature and cellulase loading. It has been observed that application of ultrasound not only enhances the extent of depolymerization but also reduces the time of depolymerization as compared to conventional enzymatic degradation technique. In the presence of cellulase enzyme, the maximum extent of depolymerization of guar gum has been observed at 60 W of ultrasonic rated power and ultrasonic treatment time of 30 min. The effect of ultrasound on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters as well as the molecular structure of cellulase enzyme was evaluated with the help of the chemical reaction kinetics model and fluorescence spectroscopy. Application of ultrasound resulted in a reduction in the thermodynamic parameters of activation energy (E_a), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) by 47%, 50%, 65% and 1.97%, respectively. The changes in the chemical structure of guar gum treated using ultrasound assisted enzymatic approach in comparison to the native guar gum were also characterized by FTIR. The results revealed that enzymatic depolymerization of guar gum resulted in a polysaccharide with low degree of polymerization, viscosity and consistency index without any change in the core chemical structure which could make it useful for incorporation in food products.     

Ultrasound-assisted alkali removal of proteins from wastewater generated during oil bodies extraction

In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted alkaline method was used to remove proteins from wastewater generated during oil-body extraction, and the effects of different ultrasonic power settings (0, 150, 300, and 450 W) on protein recovery were investigated. The recoveries of the ultrasonically treated samples were higher than those of the samples without ultrasonic treatment, and the protein recoveries increased with increasing power, with a protein recovery of 50.10 % ± 0.19 % when the ultrasonic power was 450 W. Amino acid analysis showed that the amino acids comprising the recovered samples were consistent, regardless of the ultrasonic power used, but significant differences in the contents of amino acids were observed. No significant changes were observed in the protein electrophoretic profile using dodecyl polyacrylamide gel, indicating that sonication did not change the primary structures of the recovered samples. Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the molecular structures of the samples changed after sonication, and the fluorescence intensity increased gradually with increasing sonication power. The contents of α-helices and random coils obtained at an ultrasonic power of 450 W decreased to 13.44 % and 14.31 %, respectively, whereas the β-sheet content generally increased. The denaturation temperatures of the proteins were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, and ultrasound treatment reduced the denaturation temperatures of the samples, which was associated with the structural and conformational changes caused by their chemical bonding. The solubility of the recovered protein increased with increasing ultrasound power, and a high solubility was essential in good emulsification. The emulsification of the samples was improved well. In conclusion, ultrasound treatment changed the structure and thus improved the functional properties of the protein.     

Ultrasonic treatment on physicochemical properties of water-soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seed

Effect of ultrasonic power on the structure and functional properties of water-soluble protein extracted from defatted Moringa oleifera seed were explored. The results showed that ultrasonic treatment could reduce β-sheet and β-turn content of water-soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seed (MOWP) and increase the content of random coil and α-helix. Changes in intrinsic fluorescence spectra, surface hydrophobicity (H₀) and thermal behaviors indicated that ultrasonic had significant effect on the tertiary structure of MOWP. The results of SEM and SDS-PAGE showed that the MOWP was aggregated but not significantly degraded by ultrasound. The solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of MOWP increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power. Ultrasonic treatment altered the functional properties of MOWP, which might be attributed to the exposure of hydrophilic group and the change of and secondary and tertiary structure.     

Ultrasonication promotes extraction of antioxidant peptides from oxhide gelatin by modifying collagen molecule structure

This study primarily explored the internal mechanism underlying the ultrasonication-induced release of antioxidant peptides. An oxhide gelatin solution was treated ultrasonically (power = 200, 300, and 400 W), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and structural and morphological analysis. The results showed that ultrasonication increased not only the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and protein recovery rate of the oxhide gelatin but also the ABTS radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous chelating, and ferric reducing activities of its hydrolysate. The oxhide gelatin hydrolysate treated with 300-W ultrasonication had the maximum antioxidant activities. Ultrasonication inhibited hydrogen bond formation, reduced the crosslinking between collagen molecules, transformed part of the folded structure into a helical structure, and lowered the thermal stability of collagen molecules. The micromorphological analysis revealed that ultrasonication caused the gelatin surface to become loose and develop cracks, and as the power of the ultrasonication increased, the repetition interval distance (dÅ) also increased. Moreover, ultrasonication improved the solubilization, surface hydrophobicity, and interface characteristics and increased the content of basic and aromatic amino acids in the hydrolysate. In conclusion, ultrasonication modifies the protein structure, which increases the enzyme’s accessibility to the peptide bonds and further enhances antioxidant peptide release. These findings provide new insights into the application of ultrasonication in the release of antioxidant peptides.     

Ultrasound driven conformational and physicochemical changes of soy protein hydrolysates

The effect of ultrasound on the conformational and physicochemical properties of soy protein isolate hydrolysates (SPHs) was investigated. SPHs were prepared at hydrolysis times of 20 min, 60 min, and 180 min, then treated with ultrasound for 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min at a frequency of 20 kHz and output powers of 150 W and 450 W. The structural properties and antioxidant capacities of the aqueous layer of SPHs (ASPHs) after sonication were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), intrinsic fluorescence, DPPH radical scavenging activity assays, and microscopy observations. Results obtained showed that ultrasound treatment significantly disrupted the peptide aggregates formed during protein hydrolysis. The protein solubility was significantly increased after sonication (by up to 18.33%), as did the percentage of proteins with MW < 1 kDa in ASPHs. The antioxidant capacity of ASPHs also increased, as measured by DPPH assay. FTIR analysis of ASPHs indicated that the protein secondary structures were different, with an increase in β-sheet and a decrease in α-helix and β-turn. Furthermore, the changes in fluorescence spectra of ASPHs showed the transition of protein tertiary structure with a greater exposure of Trp residues in the side chains. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations of the morphological structure of ASPHs further confirmed the significant effect of sonication on disrupting peptide aggregates. In conclusion, ultrasound can be used as an efficient treatment to promote the solubility of protein hydrolysates.