不锈钢衬底MgB2厚膜韧性的研究

我们用混和物理化学气相沉积法(HPCVD)在不锈钢衬底上原位制备了以MgB2厚膜(约10微米厚)为过渡层的MgB2超导厚膜(约20微米厚)样品,两层膜总厚约30微米.X光衍射实验表明过渡层为(101)取向的织构膜,表层MgB2超导厚膜接近多晶膜,但有较强(101)取向,两者均含有少量的Mg和MgO杂相.此超导厚膜样品的Tc(onset)=37.8K,Tc(zero)=36.6K,ΔT=1.2K.对此样品的弯曲实验表明,以曲率半径500微米弯曲到180°后,样品仍具有Tc(onset)=37.8K,Tc(zero)=36.4K的超导电性.样品剖面SEM观测表明该膜结构致密,表面厚膜层和过渡层之间连接紧密.样品表面的SEM观测表明虽然样品弯曲导致表面MgB2超导厚膜面出现了裂缝,甚至有小部分膜面的脱落,但过渡层始终紧紧附着在不锈钢衬底上.这表明过渡层MgB2厚膜的存在大大地提高样品整体的柔韧性,展现了不锈钢衬底上的MgB2厚膜超导带(线)巨大的开发潜力和诱人的广阔应用前景.     

Mg、B配比对MgB2材料的影响

我们通过固态反应法制备了MgxB2(x=0.2,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4,1.8,2.2,2.6)系列超导样品.用四引线法测量了每一个样品在制备烧结过程中的高温R～T曲线.由这些曲线的升温阶段数据得知MgxB2系列样品的起始成相温度Tonset随着x值的增加而降低.由它们的X光衍射图可知,x≤1.0时,没有Mg和MgO的杂相峰;到x＞1.0后,随x值的增大,杂相Mg和MgO的衍射峰强度逐渐增强.它们的低温R～T曲线表明随x值的增加,正常态电阻减小,起始超导转变温度在39.3 K到39.9 K之间.综合Tc(onset)和△Tc,Mg1.4B2样品呈现出最好的超导状态.这些样品的单位质量M～T测量数据表明起起转变温度处于37.4～38.6 K之间,且Mg1.4B2样品呈现出最高的磁测Tc(onset)=38.60 K.在Mg含量x大于或低于1.4时,磁测Tc(onset)均小于此值.综合R～T和M～T这两种测量,为得到高Tc的MgB2超导块材,胚体MgB2的配比应取x=1.4为好.     

初探混合物理化学气相沉积法(HPCVD)制备不锈钢衬底MgB2超导厚膜样品

介绍用混合物理化学气相沉积法(HPCVD)制备的不锈钢衬底MgB2超导厚膜样品.该样品的Tc(onset)=38K,Tc(0)=27K.X光衍射图形表明它是(101)方向织构的致密厚膜.这种膜具有较强的韧性,同时和衬底有高度的结合性.当其被弯曲到约200微米半径的弧度时,膜面会出现条状裂纹,但仍有少部分膜面未被破坏,保持完整,表现出较好的韧性.     

混合物理化学气相沉积法制备不锈钢衬底MgB2超导厚膜样品的韧度研究

我们用混合物理化学气相沉积法(HPCVD)制备了一批不锈钢衬底的MgB2超导厚膜样品,厚度在10～30μm间,Tc(onset)是37.8～37.2K,超导转变宽度ΔT在1.2K左右,是(101)方向织构的致密厚膜,并有少许MgO杂相.对样品进行弯折研究,随着弯曲角度的增加,膜面出现不同程度的条状裂纹,但仍能保持膜面的基本完整;虽然样品的超导起始转变温度降低、转变温区变宽,性能有所下降,但超导特性仍能保持在一个很好的水平上.这个结果表明了采用HPCVD方法制备不锈钢衬底带材将会很好地克服MgB2超导膜由于硬脆的性质而无法绕制磁体的问题,有着十分重要的应用意义.     

非铁磁性管套法硼化镁带材的基本物理特性

采用粉末管套法,在不锈钢、铜和铝非铁磁性金属管套中制备了MgB2超导带材。电阻温度特性测量表明,以不锈钢管为包套制备的MgB2超导带材具备较好的电输运性能:临界转变温度最高(Tc=33.7K)、转变宽度最窄(零电阻转变ΔTc=1.2K,完全抗磁转变Tm=1.9K)。XRD测量显示,三种管套都能够使MgB2良好成相,MgB2和MgO相的相含量比例R(SS、Cu、A l)分别为7.15、2.45、3.77,样品中MgO相应该是Mg和管套中残余的氧反应的结果,铜管和铝管中还分别检测到了Cu2Mg和A l3Mg2相。对不锈钢管套MgB2带材的热导率测量显示,在超导转变温度以下热输运能力单调下降,满足多晶导体内热运动随温度变化的理论结果。     

不同厚度的MgB_2超薄膜的制备和性质研究

本文报导了利用混合物理化学气相沉积法(Hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition,HPCVD)在SiC(0001)衬底上制备干净的MgB2超薄膜.在背景气体压强、载气H2流量等条件一定的情况下,改变B2H6流量及沉积时间,制备不同厚度的MgB2超薄膜样品,并研究了超导转变温度Tc、剩余电阻率ρ(42K)、上临界场Hc2等与膜厚的关系.这系列超薄膜生长沿c轴外延,随膜厚度的变小Tc(0)降低,ρ(42K)升高.膜在衬底上的生长遵循Volmer-Weber岛状生长模式.对于10nm厚的膜,Tc(0)~32.4K,ρ(42K)~124.92μΩ·cm,其表面连接性良好,平均粗糙度为2.72nm,上临界磁场Hc2(0K)~12T,零场4K时的临界电流密度Jc~107A/cm2,为迄今为止所观测到的10nm厚MgB2超薄膜的最高Jc值,这也证明了10nm厚的MgB2膜在超导纳米器件上具有很强的应用潜力.     

基于碳化硼复相MgB2超导体制备及特性

以廉价的B4C粉和Mg粉为原料,用真空固相反应法成功制备了复相MgB2-B4C超导材料,通过X-射线和扫描电子显微镜分析了样品的成相和织构,除MgB2、B4C和MgB2C2外样品中未明显检测到其它杂相,其中MgB2相含量高达87.7%.电阻-温度特性测量表明,所制备的样品零电阻温度Tc(0)=31.5 K,转变宽度(T...     

19芯Fe/Cu复合包套二硼化镁超导线制备及其超导性能研究

采用In-Situ PIT方法,以工业级低纯度B粉(92%)和镁粉(99%)为原料制备了19芯Fe/Cu复合包套MgB2超导线。断面扫描电镜观测表明,超导线内部超导芯分布排列均匀,Fe层都能完好包围MgB2芯体,Fe与Cu层结合紧密,填充因子0.17。750℃热处理1h后,样品超导转变温度Tc(onset)=33.5K,转变宽度ΔTc=4.8K。X光衍射检测发现,MgB2超导相中不存在其它Mg-B化合物杂项,但含有少量MgO和FeB2。多芯化后,超导芯中FeB2略有增加。四引线Ic测试发现,19芯样品在4.2K,4T时,临界电流密度为5622A/cm2,比单芯样品14400 A/cm2降低约2/3。     

Nb衬底MgB_2超导膜的韧性研究

用混合物理化学气相沉积法(hybrid physics-chemical vapor deposition简称为HPCVD)在Nb衬底上生原位制备了平均厚度是1.5μm的MgB2多晶膜样品,其起始超导转变温度Tc(onset)=39.37K,转变宽度ΔTc=0.45K.样品由大量六边型片状晶粒组成.对样品进行了韧性测试,可以发现膜在弯曲120°后,虽然弯曲面处出现了裂纹,但膜仍很牢固的附着在衬底上,其超导电性仍可保持.     

电子束快退火法制备MgB_2薄膜及性质研究

利用电子束快退火法制备了MgB2超导薄膜.该方法利用高能电子束,在中真空条件下照射Mg-B多层前驱膜,照射时间维持在1s以下.在电子束的作用下,前驱膜中的Mg和B迅速反应,形成MgB2相.整个退火过程没有Mg蒸气与氩气保护,极短的退火时间有效地限制了前驱膜中Mg的流失和Mg与其它物质的反应.与传统制备工艺相比,该方法避免了混合物理化学气相沉积法中乙硼烷的使用;省去异位退火法中提供高Mg蒸气压的限制,避免在有Mg块存在情况下退火后样品表面存在Mg污染的问题.利用该方法在SiC(001)衬底上生长了100nm厚的MgB2薄膜,其超导转变温度Tc～35K,均方根粗糙度为3.6nm,临界电流密度Jc(5K,0T)=3.8×106 A/cm2.该方法对MgB2薄膜的大规模工业生产提供了一个新思路.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.