表面氧钝化碳化硅纳米团簇电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和广义梯度近似(GGA),对氧钝化条件下4H-SiC纳米团簇的电子结构和光学性质进行了研究。计算了不同直径的4H-SiC纳米球氧钝化后的能带结构、电子态密度和光学性质。团簇的尺度在0.4~0.9 nm之间,构建表面仅存在硅氧双键和表面仅存在碳氧双键的两种模型。研究表明硅氧双键和碳氧双键所引起的缺陷态位于原4H-SiC的价带和导带之间,并且缺陷态与价带顶的能量差随纳米团簇颗粒直径的增大而减小;缺陷态主要是由Si原子外层电子和氧原子外层电子轨道杂化引起的。同时,由于氧的存在,对碳化硅的结构产生一定的影响,这也是缺陷态形成的一个原因。另外,碳氧双键和硅氧双键钝化对4H-SiC纳米团簇的光学性质有着不同的影响。在表面仅存在C=O的情况下,4H-SiC纳米团簇表现出各向同性的性质。在表面仅存在Si=O的情况下,4H-SiC纳米团簇表现出各向异性的性质。     

等离子体增强化学气相沉积法实现硅纳米线掺硼

用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法成功实现硅纳米线的掺B.选用Si片作衬底，硅烷 （SiH4）作硅源，硼烷（B2H6）作掺杂气体， Au作催化剂，生长温度440℃.基于气-液-固(VLS)机制，探讨了掺B硅纳米线可能的生长机制.PECVD法化学成分配比更灵活，更容易实现纳米线掺杂，进一步有望生长硅纳米线pn结，为研制纳米量级器件提供技术基础. 关键词： 硅纳米线 化学气相沉积 纳米器件     

新型Si3N4层部分固定正电荷AlGaN／GaNHEMTs器件耐压分析

为了优化传统AlGaN／GaNhighelectronmobilitytransistors结构表面电场分布,提高器件击穿电压和可靠性,本文利用不影响AlGaN／GaN异质结极化效应的Si3N4钝化层电荷分布,提出了一种sbN4钝化层部分固定正电荷AIGaN／GaNhighelectronmobilitytransistors新结构．SiaN4钝化层中部分固定正电荷通过电场调制效应使表面电场分布中产生新的电场峰而趋于均匀．新电场峰使得新结构栅边缘和漏端高电场有效降低,器件击穿电压从传统结构的296V提高到新结构的650V,而且可靠性改善．通过Si3N4与AlGaN界面横、纵向电场分布,说明了产生表面电场峰的电场调制效应,为设计SiaN4层部分固定正电荷新结构提供了科学依据．Si3N4钝化层部分固定正电荷的补偿作用,使沟道二维电子气浓度增加,导通电阻减小,输出电流提高．     

密度泛函方法研究Nb2Sin(n=1～6)团簇

运用密度泛函方法在(U)B3LYP/LanL2DZ水平上研究了两个铌原子掺杂硅团簇的几何和电子结构。计算结果表明,Nb2Sin(n=1～6)团簇相对最稳定的结构基本上都保持了Sin+2团簇基态构型的框架,且除了Nb2Si2团簇外,所有的基态都是单重态构型.Nb2Si3的分裂能最大,成为Nb2Sin( n=1～6)团簇中热力学稳定性最强的. 在Nb2Si团簇和Nb2Si2 团簇中电子是从Nb原子向Si原子转移的;当n=3～6时,两个Nb原子的自然电子布局为负,说明Nb2Sin(n=3～6)团簇原子中带电子从Si原子转移到两个Nb原子,电子转移方向发生了改变,即发生了电子反转现象。     

掺铒纳米晶硅和掺铒非晶纳米硅薄膜的发光性质

采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积（PECVD）方法制备含有纳米晶硅的SiO2（NCSO）和含有非晶纳米硅颗粒的氢化非晶氧化硅（a—SiOx：H）薄膜。采用离子注入和高温退火方法将稀土Er掺入含有纳米晶硅（ncSi）和非晶纳米硅（a—n—Si）颗粒的基体中。利用IFS／20HR傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和微区拉曼散射光谱仪研究含有纳米晶硅和非晶纳米硅颗粒的薄膜掺稀土前后的发光特性。结果表明来自Be-Si在800nm的发光强度比来自a—SiOx：H基体中非晶纳米硅的发光强度高近一个数量级,而来自a-SiOx：H在1．54μm的发光强度比NCSO高4倍。还研究了掺铒a-SiOx：H薄膜中Si颗粒和Er^3＋的发光强度随退火温度的变化,结合掺铒纳米晶硅和非晶纳米硅薄膜发光强度随Er掺杂浓度变化和Raman散射等的测量结果,进一步明确指出a-Si颗粒在Er^3＋的激发中可以起到和nc-Si同样的作用,即作为光吸收介质和敏化剂的作用。     

衬底钝化处理对CsPbBr3 量子点薄膜发光稳定性影响

钙钛矿量子点因具有发光谱线窄、发光效率高、发光波长可调谐等优异的光学性能,在照明、显示、激光和太阳能电池等领域得到了广泛研究。然而,钙钛矿材料的稳定性问题,一直制约着其在光电器件中的应用。其中,钙钛矿材料在空气中受潮易分解的不稳定性尤为突出,这将严重影响其发光性质。为此,研究人员采用多种手段来改善钙钛矿材料的稳定性。目前,常见的方法是将一些具有疏水性的聚合物材料（例如POSS,PMMA等）引入到钙钛矿纳米晶中,或将钙钛矿纳米晶嵌入到介孔二氧化硅材料中,避免钙钛矿纳米晶暴露于空气中破坏其结构,以此来增强钙钛矿材料的发光稳定性。此外,钝化处理钙钛矿纳米晶表面,也是改善钙钛矿发光稳定性的一种常用方法。这些方法虽然在一定程度上可以改善钙钛矿的发光稳定性,但是在与有机物合成的过程中不免会引入其他有机官能团,介孔二氧化硅的引入,其处理方式相对复杂,而对钙钛矿纳米晶表面的钝化处理会破坏材料的原有结构。以上问题,都会影响钙钛矿的发光性质,不利于其在光电器件中的应用。硅（Si）具有低成本、大尺寸、高质量、导电好等优点,常被选作钙钛矿量子点光电器件的衬底材料。但是,由于Si衬底长时间暴露于空气,其表面易形成一层具有硅烷醇基团（Si-OH）的亲水性薄膜,这将对硅基钙钛矿器件的稳定性产生影响。因此,对Si表面进行钝化处理,破坏其表面Si-OH键,可以降低衬底表面的亲水性,增强疏水性,从而提高钙钛矿材料在器件中的稳定性。本研究使用氢氟酸（HF）对Si衬底表面进行钝化处理,发现钝化处理后的Si衬底表面与水的接触角由50.4°逐渐增大至87.7°,表明Si衬底表面由亲水性逐渐转变为疏水性。利用场致发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)测试发现,钝化处理后的Si衬底表面变粗糙,并且其表面上的CsPbBr₃量子点(CsPbBr₃ QDs)相对于未处理表面的分散性较好。利用光致发光(PL)光谱研究不同钝化处理时间的Si衬底表面上的CsPbBr₃ QDs薄膜的发光性质。其中,处理与未处理的Si衬底表面上CsPbBr₃QDs薄膜的PL积分强度随功率变化拟合值分别为1.12和1.203,表明其发光机制为激子发光。温度依赖性的PL光谱分析显示,随着温度的升高（10～300 K）,由于晶格热膨胀使CsPbBr₃ QDs带隙增大,发光峰位逐渐蓝移。并且,随着衬底钝化处理时间的增加,CsPbBr₃ QDs薄膜的发光热稳定性逐渐增强,最佳热稳定性可达220 K。而时间依赖性的PL光谱则进一步说明,钝化处理后的Si衬底表面CsPbBr₃QDs薄膜发光的时间稳定性逐渐增强,最高发光时间稳定性可达15 d。因此,通过简单而有效的对Si衬底表面进行钝化处理,可以有效减少了Si表面亲水基团,提高CsPbBr₃QDs薄膜的发光稳定性,为增强钙钛矿量子点在光电器件中的稳定性应用提供了新的研究思路。     

Keggin结构含钒混配型杂多酸盐及其杂多蓝的极谱和热谱

本文利用极谱和循环伏安的方法研究了杂多酸盐 K3 H2 [Si V Mo2 W9O4 0 ]· 10 H2 O及其一电子杂多蓝 K4 H2 [Si V Mo2 W9O4 0 ]· 12 H2 O和杂多酸盐 K4 H3 [Si V3 W9O4 0 ]· 13H2 O及其两电子杂多蓝 K4 H5[Si V2 V W9O4 0 ]· 11H2 O的氧化还原性质 ,利用 TG- DTA曲线分析了这 4种物质的热稳定性。结果表明杂多酸盐被还原为杂多蓝后 ,氧化能力有所降低 ,但热稳定性增加。     

表面键合对硅(111)量子面电子结构的影响

将纳米硅薄膜看成理想的一维限制的量子面结构,通过第一性原理计算研究了不同厚度的硅(111)量子面的能带结构及态密度。随着量子面厚度的变化,在Si—H键钝化较好的量子面结构上,其带隙宽度变化主要遵循量子限制效应规律。当在表面掺杂时,模拟计算表面含Si—N键的硅(111)量子面的结果表明:在一定厚度范围内,带隙宽度主要由量子限制效应决定;超过这个厚度,带隙宽度同时受量子限制效应和表面键合结构的影响。保持量子面厚度不变,表面掺杂浓度越大则带隙变窄效应越明显。同样,模拟计算含Si—Yb键的硅(111)量子面的结果也有同样的效应。几乎所有的模拟计算结果都显示:量子面的能带结构均呈现出准直接带隙特征。     

TiO2花状纳米结构的制备及光催化性能

用Ti片和H2O2在较低的温度下通过控制反应时间制备了不同形貌的纳米TiO2.在80℃下反应10 min得到了和Ti片黏附较好的多孔纳米结构,延长反应时间先后得到了类花状和类棒状纳米结构．在80℃下反应4 h得到的纳米结构样品为非晶态,而反应10 h制备出以锐钛矿相为主的结晶态纳米结构．通过300℃退火得到的几乎是纯锐钛矿相的纳米TiO2．用紫外光照射降解RhB溶液的方法研究了纳米TiO2的光催化性能．结果表明7 cm2的退火后的类花状纳米TiO2降解染料分子的光催化效率是仅用紫外光降解的29．8倍．     

多孔硅量子点中的电子局域态

经过激光辐照和高温退火加工能够生成多孔硅样品,在650—780 nm处检测到很强的光致荧光（PL）峰,并且有明显的钉扎和增强效应.实验表明,这种PL发光的强度与样品受辐照和退火的时间短密切相关.通过第一性原理模拟计算发现,样品表面用SiO 双键和Si—O—Si桥键钝化,能隙中会出现电子局域态.激光辐照和高温退火的时间长短决定了样品表面SiO双键和Si—O—Si桥键的密度,而该密度正是影响多孔硅量子点中电子局域态生成的关键. 关键词： 多孔硅量子点 硅氧钝化键 电子局域态     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.