5—200?范围激光等离子体X射线辐射特性研究

利用带有针孔的透射式光栅光谱仪研究了激光等离子体X射线辐射的原子序数依赖性和激光功率密度对辐射的影响。得到了波长为1.06μm,平均功率密度为5×10¹⁴W/cm²的激光辐照条件下Z=6(C)到Z=79(Au)的不同原子序数激光等离子体X射线发射光谱。点聚焦和线聚焦激光照射方式下Al,Au等离子体X射线发射的对照实验结果表明,激光功率密度对低Z等离子体X射线发射的影响比对高Z的影响更明显。 关键词：     

激光线聚焦产生的等离子体特性

一、引言随着激光产生的线状等离子体作为增益介质的X射线激光研究得到初步成功并为今后真正高强度相干X射线激光输出作准备。近几年来,利用各种探测工具对线状等离子体介质特性开展了广泛的研究。文献[1]利用光探针专门对不同时刻(50-500ps)下的等离子体性质进行诊断,发现等离子体在膨胀时,会出现许多细丝结构且这种结构随时间推移而更加显著。又从X光针孔像中发现激光等离子体的X射线(LPX)发射区也极不均匀。在文献[2]的实验     

类氖锗X射线激光光学特性研究

本工作测量了类氖锗3s-3p X射线激光的23.2nm和23.6nm两条强激光跃迁线水平方向和垂直方向的空间分布,当靶长20mm时,X射线激光水平方向束发散角约为12mrad,主束指向偏离线状等离子体轴线约8mrad;垂直方向束发散角约为22mrad,本工作还采用钼/硅多层膜平面反射镜,对X射线激光进行正反射,获得了X射线激光双程放大的光学特性。 关键词：     

激光加热Cu和NaF靶产生的1.2keV区X射线转换效率的测量

介绍了激光加热Cu靶和NaF靶发射的在1.2keV区X射线转换效率的测量方法和实验结果。结果表明,在激光辐照功率密度为1×10¹³—1×10¹⁴W·cm^-2条件下,激光波长为1.06μm或0.53μm时,Cu等离子体发射的1.2KeV区X射线的转换率为NaF等离子体的4—5倍;对此两种等离子体,激光波长为0.53μm的X射线转换效率是波长为1.06μm的2倍左右。 关键词：     

类氖锗的X射线激光增益及其传输特性研究

在神光(10¹²W)装置上,用1.06μm激光加热片状锗靶,用袖珍式掠入射光栅谱仪测量了类氖锗离子的3S—3P激光跃迁线的增益系数和X射线激光的传输特性,得到的结果为:波长为19.638,23.224,23.627,24.743和28.643nm的5条激光跃迁线的增益系数分别为3.06,3.99,3.72,2.36和4.59cm^-1;当等离子体长度为18mm时,相应的X射线激光的发散角约为12mrad,发射X射线激光的等离子体厚度约为200μm,X射线激光峰值强 关键词：     

5—200范围激光等离子体X射线辐射特性研究

利用带有针孔的透射式光栅光谱仪研究了激光等离子体X射线辐射的原子序数依赖性和激光功率密度对辐射的影响。得到了波长为1.06μm,平均功率密度为5×10~(14)W/cm~2的激光辐照条件下Z=6(C)到Z=79(Au)的不同原子序数激光等离子体X射线发射光谱。点聚焦和线聚焦激光照射方式下Al,Au等离子体X射线发射的对照实验结果表明,激光功率密度对低Z等离子体X射线发射的影响比对高Z的影响更明显。     

激光加热碳、金平面靶等离子体膨胀过程

利用软X射线条纹相机与针孔成象装置相结合,测得了碳、金平面靶靶面X射线时、空分辨图象,从而推算出靶面等离子体膨胀平均速度分别为(碳):5.11×10⁷cm/s,(金):6.13×10⁷cm/s。实验用1.06μm的钕玻璃激光轰击靶面,X射线能谱范围为0.1—10keV。测量在激光功率密度≈10¹⁴W/cm²的情况下进行。 关键词：     

激光等离子体电子温度的时间分辨诊断

本文描述在LF-11激光装置上进行的线状锗等离子体电子温度时间分辨诊断的实验。在实验中利用时间分辨X射线晶体谱仪测量了线状锗等离子体X射线的时间分辨谱,并借助碰撞辐射模型(CR模型),由类Ne锗L线特征线相对强度比确定出锗等离子体的电子温度及其时间演化过程。并与用部分局部热平衡模型(PLTE)得出的结果做了比较。     

双爆炸膜内壳层光电离X射线激光实验研究

报道了Pd-NaF,Pd-Cu,Ag-NaF和Ag-Cu耦合双爆炸膜内壳层光电离X射线激光的实验方法和一些实验结果。结果表明,在本实验条件下,激光加热NaF或Cu靶产生的1keV区的光子,可以增强Pd或Ag等离子体中类-Cu离子的3d¹⁰4p-3d⁹4s²软X射线发射的强度,但不足以形成X射线激光的输出。 关键词：     

对激光等离子体中X射线的产生与辐射加热研究

利用一维辐射流体力学程序MULTI数值模拟研究了功率为1014Wcm2、脉冲宽度为300ps、波长为0.44μm的强激光辐照平面Au靶时产生X射线的过程,给出了X射线转换效率和能谱分布.通过将靶物质划分为对所产生的X射线光学薄的转化区和光学厚的再发射区,得到了作为黑体辐射热源的最佳靶厚度,并给出了辐射加热靶所产生的等离子体的密度和温度的空间分布. 关键词： 辐射流体力学 激光等离子体 X射线转换 辐射热波     

Electron density and temperature contour plots from alaser-produced plasma using collective ultraviolet Thomson scattering

Temporally integrated ultraviolet collective Thomson scattering measurements were performed with frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser radiation on an underdense long-scalelength aluminum plasma (n_c ~10²¹ cm^-3, Z≈7, T_e≈T_i ⩾50 eV, L⩾100 μm). The plasma was preformed by an Nd:YAG fundamental beam (1.06 μm) with focusable intensities of 10 ¹¹ W/cm². Color images of two-dimensional (2-D) spatially resolved (30 μm) electron density and electron temperature were obtained. These are the shortest wavelength Thomson scattering measurements on a plasma to date     

Ultrabright γ-ray emission from the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a near-critical-density plasma

An efficient scheme for generating ultrabright γ-rays from the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a near-critical-density plasma is studied by using the two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation including quantum electrodynamic effects. We investigate the effects of target shape on γ-ray generation efficiency using three configurations of the solid foils attached behind the near-critical-density plasma: a flat foil without a channel (target 1), a flat foil with a channel (target 2), and a convex foil with a channel (target 3). When an intense laser propagates in a near-critical-density plasma, a large number of electrons are trapped and accelerated to GeV energy, and emit γ-rays via nonlinear betatron oscillation in the first stage. In the second stage, the accelerated electrons collide with the laser pulse reflected from the foil and emit high-energy, high-density γ-rays via nonlinear Compton scattering. The simulation results show that compared with the other two targets, target 3 affords better focusing of the laser field and electrons, which decreases the divergence angle of γ-photons. Consequently, denser and brighter γ-rays are emitted when target 3 is used. Specifically, a dense γ-ray pulse with a peak brightness of 4.6×10²⁶ photons/s/mm²/mrad²/0.1%BW (at 100 MeV) and 1.8×10²³ photons/s/mm²/mrad²/0.1%BW (at 2 GeV) are obtained at a laser intensity of 8.5×10²² W/cm² when the plasma density is equal to the critical plasma density n_c. In addition, for target 3, the effects of plasma channel length, foil curvature radius, laser polarization, and laser intensity on the γ-ray emission are discussed, and optimal values based on a series of simulations are proposed.     

Plasma treatment of the Mg:Ag/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum interface in OLEDs: effects on adhesion and performance

The adhesion of a Mg:Ag cathode to the tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq₃) in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) can be greatly enhanced by a remote plasma treatment of the Alq₃ layer using either air or N₂ prior to metal deposition. The altered surface properties which lead to increased sticking coefficients of Mg and Ag, as well as enhanced adhesion, are attributed to the introduction of new functional groups into the organic layer, as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The storage life of the plasma treated devices in air without any capping treatment, as judged by a visible deterioration of the cathode, was increased by approximately five to six times compared to untreated OLEDs. Current–voltage characteristics and EL efficiency, however, were shown to deteriorate for devices incorporating either an air or an N₂ plasma treated Alq₃ layer. For OLEDs subjected to short treatment times with an N₂ plasma, only a very slight increase in the turn-on voltage, of about 0.2 V, was observed. An investigation of black spot formation revealed that an air plasma treatment resulted in a five-fold decrease in the time required for 50% of the device to become non-emissive. N₂ treated devices on the other hand, developed black spots at a comparable rate to the non-treated devices. Thus, a short N₂ plasma treatment of the Alq₃ layer prior to metal deposition improves the adhesion at the interface, thereby reducing the oxidation and degradation of the device through exposure to ambient conditions, particularly in storage.     

A cold thermionically emitting dusty air plasma formed by radiativeheating of graphite particulates

Formation of an atmospheric pressure dusty air plasma is explored experimentally in this paper. The plasma is created by seeding an air flow with graphite particles and irradiating the particulates with a focused CO₂ laser beam. The graphite particles are, thus, heated to thermionically emitting temperatures, and average particle temperatures and average particle number densities are measured. The presence of charges is inferred both from these measured quantities using a simple theoretical transient model, and experimentally by applying a dc bias across the irradiated region. It is found that an electron density of ~6.7 × 10⁵ cm^-3 (6.7 × 10¹¹ m^-3) can be produced at steady state in the presence of O₂. This value can be increased to 3.6 × 10⁷ cm^-3 (3.6 × 10¹³ m ^-1) in the ideal case where an electron attachment to O₂ is suppressed and where a lower work function particulate is used     

On the effect of long-wavelength electron plasma waves onlarge-angle stimulated Raman scattering of short laser pulse in plasmas

Spectral features of a large-angle stimulated Raman scattering (LA SRS) of a short electromagnetic pulse in an underdense plasma, which are caused by the presence in a plasma of a given linear long-wavelength electron plasma wave (LW EPW), are investigated. It is shown that the LW EPW, whose phase velocity coincides with a group velocity of a pulse and a density perturbation normalized to a background electron density δn_LW/n₀ exceeds the ratio of the electron plasma frequency to the laser frequency ω_pe/ω₀ suppresses the well-known Stokes branch of the weakly coupled LA SRS. Under the same condition, the anti-Stokes band appears in the spectrum of the scattered radiation. Variation of a scattering angle and an electron temperature do not significantly modify qualitative features of the effect. In the case of strongly coupled LA SRS, the maximum of the increment is decreased by nearly one-half for δn_LW/n₀~(a₀ω_pe /ω₀)^2/3≫ω_pe /ω₀, where a₀ is an amplitude of an electron quiver velocity in the laser field normalized to a speed of light c, and it decreases further with an increase in plasma density perturbation in LW EPW     

Importance of high local cathode spot pressure on the attachment ofthermal arcs on cold cathodes

The importance of having high local cathode spot pressures for the self-sustaining operation of a thermal arc plasma on a cold cathode is theoretically investigated. Applying a cathode sheath model to a Cu cathode, it is shown that cathode spot plasma pressures ranging 7.4-9.2 atm and 34.2-50 atm for electron temperatures of ~1 eV are needed to account for current densities of 10⁹ and 10¹⁰ A·m^-2, respectively. The study of the different contributions from the ions, the emission electrons, and the back-diffusing plasma electrons to the total current and heat transfer to the cathode spot has allowed us to show the following. 1) Due to the high metallic plasma densities, a strong heating of the cathode occurs and an important surface electric field is established at the cathode surface causing strong thermo-field emission of electrons. 2) Due to the presence of a high density of ions in the cathode vicinity, an important fraction of the total current is carried by the ions and the electron emission is enhanced. 3) The total current is only slightly reduced by the presence of back-diffusing plasma electrons in the cathode sheath. For a current density j_tot=10⁹ A·m^-2 , the current to the cathode surface is mainly transported by the ions (76-91% of j_tot while for a current density j_tot = 10¹⁰ A·m^-2, the thermo-field electrons become the main current carriers (61-72% of j_tot). It is shown that the cathode spot plasma parameters are those of a high pressure metallic gas where deviations from the ideal gas law and important lowering of the ionization potentials are observed     

Observation of Raman forward scattering and electron accelerationin the relativistic regime

Raman forward scattering (RFS) is observed in the interaction of a high intensity (>10¹⁸ W/cm²) short pulse (<1 ps) laser with an underdense plasma (n_e~10¹⁹ cm ^-3). Electrons are trapped and accelerated up to 44 MeV by the high-amplitude plasma wave produced by RFS. The laser spectrum is strongly modulated by the interaction, showing sidebands at the plasma frequency. Furthermore, as the quiver velocity of the electrons in the high electric field of the laser beam becomes relativistic, various effects are observed which can be attributed to the variation of electron mass with laser intensity     

Spectral and ion emission features of laser-produced Sn and SnO_2 plasmas

We have made a detailed comparison of the atomic and ionic debris, as well as the emission features of Sn and SnO_2 plasmas under identical experimental conditions. Planar slabs of pure metal Sn and ceramic SnO_2 are irradiated with1.06 μm, 8 ns Nd:YAG laser pulses. Fast photography employing an intensified charge coupled device(ICCD), optical emission spectroscopy(OES), and optical time of flight emission spectroscopy are used as diagnostic tools. Our results show that the Sn plasma provides a higher extreme ultraviolet(EUV) conversion efficiency(CE) than the Sn O2 plasma.However, the kinetic energies of Sn ions are relatively low compared with those of SnO_2. OES studies show that the Sn plasma parameters(electron temperature and density) are lower compared to those of the SnO_2 plasma. Furthermore, we also give the effects of the vacuum degree and the laser pulse energy on the plasma parameters.     

激光诱导氮气等离子体时间分辨光谱研究及温度和电子密度测量

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种重要的分析手段被广泛应用于材料分析、环境监测等领域.特别是随着大气污染问题的日趋严重,基于LIBS的大气污染在线监测分析技术快速发展,氮气等离子体特性的时间演化规律对研究激光诱导大气等离子体动力学和发展大气污染监测的LIBS技术具有重要意义.而温度和电子数密度作为表征等离子体状态最重要的参数,直接影响着等离子体形成、膨胀和退化中的动力学过程以及等离子体中的能量传输效率.本文利用等离子体时间分辨光谱,研究了连续背景辐射、分子谱线强度及信背比(分子谱线与连续背景辐射的比值)在等离子体演化过程中的变化规律,结果显示连续背景辐射寿命在700 ns左右,N_2~+(B~2Σ_u~+-X~2Σ_g~+,v:0-0)跃迁谱线强度在12—15μs范围内达到最大值,信背比随时间呈现上升、稳定的趋势,因此利用N+2分子离子第一负带系(B~2Σ_u~+-X~2Σ_g~+)研究等离子体温度的观测窗口应选择在10—25μs之间;基于双原子光谱理论,通过拟合实测光谱和仿真光谱研究了大气压下激光诱导氮气等离子体温度随时间的演化趋势,由于辐射损耗远小于碰撞作用,在10—28μs内等离子体温度从约10000 K按指数衰减到约6000 K;在准确测定仪器展宽线型的基础上,利用Nelder-Mead单纯形算法,研究了N原子746.831 nm谱线的Stark展宽和位移随时间的演化趋势,计算了等离子体中电子数密度随时间在10~(17)—10~(16)cm~(-3)量级间衰减,通过分析发现造成等离子体中电子数衰减的主要机理是三体碰撞复合.     

相位角对容性耦合电非对称放电特性的影响

电非对称效应作为一种新兴技术,被广泛用于对离子能量和离子通量的独立调控.此外,在改善等离子体的径向均匀性方面,电非对称效应也发挥了重要作用.本文采用二维流体力学模型,并耦合麦克斯韦方程组,系统地研究了容性耦合氢等离子体中当放电由多谐波叠加驱动时,不同谐波阶数k下的电非对称效应,重点观察了相位角θ_n对自偏压以及等离子体径向均匀性的影响.模拟结果表明：在同一谐波阶数下,自偏压随相位角θ_n的变化趋势不尽相同,且当k增大（k>3）时,自偏压随最高频相位角θ_k的变化范围逐渐减小.此外,通过调节相位角θ_n,可以改变轴向功率密度和径向功率密度的相对关系,进而实现对等离子体径向均匀性的调节.研究结果对于利用电非对称效应优化等离子体工艺过程具有一定的指导意义.