Self-sustained self-sputtering: a possible mechanism for thesuperdense glow phase of a pseudospark

Self-sustained self-sputtering occurring during high current pseudospark operation (≈10⁴ A/cm², I>10³ A) is shown to be a possible mechanism for the superdense glow. The mean-free-path for ionization of cathode material sputtered in the low-current hollow-cathode phase can be shorter than the cathode-anode gap distance, and ionized atoms can return to the cathode surface, self-sputtering with a yield greater than one. The self-sputtered cathode atoms become ionized in the beam of electrons accelerated in the cathode sheath. A large fraction of the discharge current at the cathode surface can be carried uniformly over the surface by ions and a very high electron emission density is not required to maintain the high current     

Metal vapor densities and excitation temperatures in a pseudosparkswitch

The densities of iron, tungsten, copper, and nickel vapors produced by pseudosparks in a switch-like configuration are measured by laser-induced fluorescence. The cathode is made of a composite material essentially consisting of tungsten, but also containing the other metals mentioned. Total vapor densities are calculated from ground state densities using the excitation temperature of iron, which decays from 1900 K at 9 μs after initiation of the discharge to 600 K about 150 μs later. With maximum copper and tungsten vapor densities of 1.5×10¹⁸ m^-3 and 2×10¹⁷ m ^-3, respectively, the composition of metal vapor differs considerably from that of the cathode material. Iron and nickel vapors are present with densities in the range of 10¹⁶ m^-3. By comparison of vapor density ratios with vapor pressure ratios it is found that regions with temperatures in excess of 5000 K exist on the cathode. These are attributable to emission sites providing the electrons for current conduction. The vapor densities are roughly proportional to the current amplitude, while the gas pressure has practically no influence between 15 and 30 Pa     

Measurement of cathode spot parameters with pulsed laserdiagnostics

The cathode spot formation in air within the first 170 ns was investigated by laser absorption photography and ps-pulse interferometry. The discharge was initiated between electrodes made from Ag or Pd with cathode-anode distance below 300 μm, the arc duration was some milliseconds, and the arc current 5-10 A. Picosecond holographic interferometry and momentary absorption photography yielded spatial-temporal density distributions in the ignition phase of the cathode spot. An absolute electron density value on the order of 4×10²⁶ m^-3 has been found. In contrast to vacuum, the cathode spot plasmas broaden little with increasing distance from the cathode, thus narrow plasma channels are observed in the vicinity of the cathode surface having diameters <20 μm     

流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型模拟空心阴极放电特性

利用流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型研究了氩气矩形空心阴极放电稳态时的参数. 数值计算得到了压强为10 Torr时的电势、电子、离子和亚稳态氩原子密度以及电子平均能量的分布. 结果表明电子和离子密度峰值为4.7×10¹² cm^-3, 亚稳态原子密度峰值为2.1×10¹³ cm^-3. 本文同时对流体-亚稳态原子传输混合模型和单一流体模型模拟得到的放电参数进行了比较. 结果表明, 分步电离是新电子产生的重要来源, 亚稳态原子对空心阴极放电特性有重要影响. 与单一流体模型相比, 混合模型计算得到的电子密度升高, 阴极鞘层宽度和电子平均能量降低. 关键词： 空心阴极放电 流体-亚稳态原子传输模型 电子密度 分步电离     

温稠密钛电导率计算

温稠密物质是惯性约束核聚变、重离子聚变、Z箍缩动作过程中物质发展和存在的重要阶段. 其热力学性质和辐射输运参数在聚变实验和内爆驱动力学模拟过程中有至关重要的作用. 本文通过建立非理想Saha方程, 结合线性混合规则的理论方法模拟了温稠密钛从10^-5-10 g·cm^-3, 10⁴ K到3×10⁴ K区间的粒子组分分布和电导率随温度密度的变化, 其中粒子组分分布由非理想Saha方程求解得到. 线性混合规则模型计算温稠密钛的电导率时考虑了包括电子、原子和离子之间的多种相互作用. 钛的电导率的计算结果与已有的爆炸丝实验数据相符. 通过电导率随温度密度变化趋势判断, 钛在整个温度区间, 密度0.56 g·cm^-3时发生非金属相到金属相相变. 对于简并系数和耦合系数的计算分析, 钛等离子体在整个温度和密度区间逐渐从弱耦合、非简并状态过渡到强耦合部分简并态.     

Twenty-five years of progress in vacuum arc research andutilization

Progress in understanding and applying vacuum arcs is reviewed. Laser diagnostics have demonstrated the existence of micron-sized regions in the cathode spot plasma having electron densities exceeding 10²⁶ m^-3. The expanding plasma produces a highly ionized jet whose ions typically have charge states of 1-3 and energies of 50-150 eV. Gas dynamic and explosive emission models have been formulated to explain cathode spot operation. In cases where the arc is constricted at the anode, forming an anode spot, or the anode is thermally isolated, forming a hot anode vacuum arc, material emitted from the anode may dominate the interelectrode plasma. Evaporation from liquid droplets may also provide a substantial component of the plasma, and the presence of these droplets can have deleterious consequences in applications. The vacuum arc has been extensively utilized as a plasma source, particularly for the deposition of protective coatings and thin films, and as a switching medium in electrical distribution circuit breakers     

不同电场下碳纳米管场致发射电流密度研究

本文运用密度泛函理论和金属电子论, 深入研究了碳纳米管场致发射电流的变化规律. 结果显示其发射电流密度取决于体系的态密度、赝能隙、管长和局域电场, 在不同范围电场下的变化规律不同. 在较低电场下, 发射电流密度随电场增强而近似线性增大(对应的宏观电场须小于18 V· μm^-1); 但在较高电场下, 发射电流密度随外电场增加呈现非周期性振荡增长趋势, 碳纳米管表现为电离发射. 本文进一步研究了金属性碳纳米管电导率在不同电场下的变化规律.     

A two-component model for the electron distribution function in ahigh-current pseudospark or back-lighted thyratron

Temperature, energy, and densities of two electron distribution function components, including an isotropic bulk part and an anisotropic beam, are analyzed for a hydrogen pseudospark and/or back-lighted thyratron switch plasma with a peak electron density of 1-3×10¹⁵ cm^-3 and peak current density of ≈10⁴ A/cm². Estimates of a very small cathode-fall width during the conduction phase and high electric field strengths lead to the injection of an electron beam with energies ⩾100 eV and density of 10¹³-10¹⁴ cm^-3 into a Maxwellian bulk plasma. Collisional and radiative processes of monoenergetic beam electrons, bulk plasma electrons and ions, and atomic hydrogen are modeled by a set of rate equations, and line intensity ratios are compared with measurements. Under these high-current conditions, for an initial density n_H2=10¹⁶ cm^-3 and electron temperature of 0.8-1 eV, the estimated beam density is ≈10¹³ -10¹⁴ cm^-3. These results suggest the possibility of producing in a simple way a very high-density electron beam     

Measurements of the behaviour of neutral atom density in a diffusevacuum arc by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)

The method of laser-induced fluorescence was used to study the behavior of the absolute neutral vapor density of a diffuse vacuum arc on FeCu contacts. The local and temporal resolutions were 1 mm³ and 10 μs, respectively. The arc current had a sinusoidal shape of 5.8-ms duration with peak values of 90 and 510 A. It was found that the maximum densities of the iron and copper atoms are 1.2×10 ¹⁷ m^-3 and 7.5×10¹⁷ m^-3, respectively. During the arc the density was correlated with the current. At current zero the measured densities decreased to 10 ¹⁶ m^-3. After current zero, an exponential density decay with a time constant of about 100 μs was observed, indicating the recovery of dielectric strength after current zero. Measurements of the neutron iron vapor density at different spatial positions in the electrode gap reveal a nonisotropic distribution. From the measurements of the population distribution of the iron ground-state multiplet a ⁵D, the excitation temperature was derived. This temperature was low compared with the cathode spot temperature 2500-4000 K and decreased from 1600 K at the current maximum to 1000 K at current zero. The results indicate that the generation of neutrals is caused by flying evaporating metal droplets rather than by molten surface areas     

Plasma parameters within the cathode spot of laser-induced vacuumarcs: experimental and theoretical investigations

Cathode spot formation in laser-induced breakdown in vacuum was investigated by laser absorption photography with high spatial (0.5 μm) and temporal (100 ps) resolution. The discharge was initiated between Cu electrodes with a cathode-anode distance of 15-250 μm. The duration of pulsed discharges was 750 ns and dc discharges some milliseconds; the current was below 10 A. Picosecond momentary absorption photography yielded spatial-temporal density distributions in the ignition phase of the cathode spot. An absolute electron density >5×10²⁶ m^-3 in narrow plasma fragments with a diameter smaller than 5 μm was estimated. Mathematical modeling has satisfactorily explained the formation of the narrow plasma channel due to the bulk current self-focusing, as well as due to the generation of nonstationary emissive centers at the moving boundary of the expanding cathode spot plasma     

Spectroscopic investigation of a low current arc in pure fluorine

A pure fluorine 10-A DC arc has been operated in an Al₂O₃ tube of 18 mm diameter at atmospheric pressure. This arc was used to perform radially resolved spectroscopic end-on measurements in the visible and UV-spectral regions. An excitation temperature of 7800 K on the arc axis was determined from the intensity of atomic fluorine lines, and an ion density of 1.7×10 ²¹ m^-3 was determined from the half-width of the contamination line H_β. A Boltzmann plot of the affinity continuum in the UV-spectral region yields two groups of electrons. A group of hot electrons is characterized by a temperature that agrees with the excitation temperature, and a group of cold electrons has a temperature in accordance to the gas temperature of 4000 K. The absolute intensity of the affinity continuum gives and electron density of 1.3×10²⁰ m^-3 on the arc axis, which is lower than the density of both positive and negative ions in the discharge. From the difference between the electron and gas temperature, an elastic collision cross section between the electrons and F-atoms of 2×10^-20 m² is determined     

Arc spot ignition caused by sheath instability

The transition from the stationary and homogeneous state of the collision-free space charge sheath between plasma and wall to a strongly inhomogeneous and instationary state with are spots is initiated by local enhancement of power supply from the plasma, connected with increasing electron emission. The general relations between surface emissivity, net current density, sheath potential, and power density in such “active” boundary layers are derived, taking the feedback of emitted electrons on the plasma parameters into account, as far as necessary. Joule heat generation is taken into account. The decisive effect of the transition is the rapidly increasing yield of thermo-field electron emission. Conditions and possible paths to sheath instability and arc spot formation are discussed     

LaTiO高k栅介质Ge MOS电容电特性及Ti含量优化

采用共反应溅射法将Ti添加到La_2O_3中,制备了LaTiO/Ge金属-氧化物-半导体电容,并就Ti含量对器件电特性的影响进行了仔细研究.由于Ti-基氧化物具有极高的介电常数,LaTiO栅介质能够获得高k值;然而由于界面/近界面缺陷随着Ti含量的升高而增加,添加Ti使界面质量恶化,进而使栅极漏电流增大、器件可靠性降低.因此,为了在器件电特性之间实现协调,对Ti含量进行优化显得尤为重要.就所研究的Ti/La_2O_3比率而言,18.4%的Ti/La_2O_3比率最合适.该比率导致器件呈现出高k值(22.7)、低D_(it)(5.5×10~(11)eV~(-1)·cm~(-2))、可接受的J_g(V_g=1V,J_g=7.1×10~(-3)A·cm~(-2))和良好的器件可靠性.     

A model for a uniform steady-state vacuum arc with a hot anode

A model is formulated and evaluated for a Uniform electrical discharge sustained in vapor evaporated from an arc-heated anode. The plasma potential is positive with respect to both the cathode and anode. For a Cu anode, the anodic vapor dominates the plasma for current densities exceeding 8 kA/m². The anode heating potential is approximately 6.5 V, and the dominant cooling mechanism is evaporation for current densities exceeding 20 kA/m². Over the range 10 to 10000 kA/m², the electron density increases from 8×10¹⁷ to 5×10²³ m^-3, while the ionization fraction rises from 0.3% to 4%. At the lower end of this current range the electrical resistivity of 4 mΩ-m is determined primarily by electron-neutral collisions, while with increasing current the resistivity decreases to 0.7 mΩ-m, with electron-ion collisions contributing an equal share. This hot-anode vacuum arc may have potential for industrial application as a macroparticle-free high-deposition-rate coating source     

热退火对SiO2：Er薄膜发光特性的影响

利用离子注入法制备SiO₂:Er样品,并在不同温度下进行退火处理。通过微区拉曼光谱、吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对其进行结构表征,并进行了室温和变温的光致发光特性研究,得到了可见区和红外区的光致发光。其中,⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2的发光强度随温度的升高,先增强后减弱,呈现出反常的温度淬灭效应,此现象是由Er³⁺与SiO₂的缺陷之间的能量传递造成的。     

A cold thermionically emitting dusty air plasma formed by radiativeheating of graphite particulates

Formation of an atmospheric pressure dusty air plasma is explored experimentally in this paper. The plasma is created by seeding an air flow with graphite particles and irradiating the particulates with a focused CO₂ laser beam. The graphite particles are, thus, heated to thermionically emitting temperatures, and average particle temperatures and average particle number densities are measured. The presence of charges is inferred both from these measured quantities using a simple theoretical transient model, and experimentally by applying a dc bias across the irradiated region. It is found that an electron density of ~6.7 × 10⁵ cm^-3 (6.7 × 10¹¹ m^-3) can be produced at steady state in the presence of O₂. This value can be increased to 3.6 × 10⁷ cm^-3 (3.6 × 10¹³ m ^-1) in the ideal case where an electron attachment to O₂ is suppressed and where a lower work function particulate is used     

Validity conditions for complete and partial local thermodynamicequilibrium of nonhydrogenic level systems and their application tocopper vapor arcs in vacuum

Validity conditions for complete and partial local thermodynamic equilibrium (CLTE and PLTE) of homogeneous, time-dependent, and optically thin plasmas are derived. For Cu I, electron densities of n_e⩾(5×10²²-5×10²³ ) m^-3 are required for the establishment of CLTE. For Cu I and Cu II, n_e⩾(5×10²¹-5×10²¹ -5×10²²) m^-3 is necessary for PLTE (for electron temperatures of 1-2 eV). Application to low-current copper vapor arcs in vacuum shows that CLTE can be expected for r<200-600 μm (r=distance from the cathode spot). A further limitation follows for temperatures of 2 eV or higher if diffusion effects are taken into consideration. Consequently, the use of the LTE formulas in plasma spectroscopy of low-current vacuum arcs is very limited     

高能电子辐射下聚四氟乙烯深层充电特性

介质深层充放电现象是诱发航天器异常故障的重要因素之一.分析了高能电子辐射下介质内部电荷沉积、能量沉积特性和电导特性,考虑了真空与介质界面电荷对电场分布的影响,建立了介质二维深层充电的物理模型,并基于有限元方法实现了数值计算.计算了高能电子辐射下聚四氟乙烯的深层充电特性.结果表明:真空环境下,介质的表面存在较弱的反向电场,随着介质深度增大,电场减小至零,随后逐渐增大,最大值出现在靠近接地附近,但在接地点,电场存在小幅降低.分析了不同辐射时间下(1 h,1 d,10 d和30 d),介质内部最大电位和最大电场的时空演变特性.随着辐射时间的增加,最大电位由-128V增加至-7.9×104V,最大电场由2.83×105V·m-1增加至1.76×108V·m-1.讨论了入射电子束流密度对最大电场的影响,典型空间电子环境(1×10-10A·m-2)下,电子辐照10 d时,介质内部最大电场为2.95×106V·m-1.而恶劣空间电子环境(2×10-8A·m-2)下,电子辐射42 h,介质内部最大电场即达到108V·m-1,超过材料击穿阈值(约为108V·m-1),极易发生放电现象.该物理模型和数值方法可以作为航天器复杂部件多维电场仿真的研究基础.     

Current filamentation of strongly preionized high pressure glowdischarges in Ne/Xe/HCl mixtures

The formation of intense current filaments, destroying the homogeneity of the active laser volume, limits the energy extraction from XeCl-lasers. Using time-resolved spectrally integrated pictures, the morphology and temporal development of such filaments are studied. The time scale of this process is found to be controlled by HCl depletion. With strong preionization (n_e>10⁹/cm ³) and a fast (10 ns) rising discharge voltage applied at the end of the preionizing X-ray pulse, the filaments originate from hotspots formed in the cathode layer. The shot by shot statistics of spot formation on freshly prepared cathodes reveal that hotspots are not caused by streamers developing in the high field region of strongly reduced electron density built up by electron diffusion during formation of the cathode sheath. Unexpectedly, a large number of weak diffuse filaments are found in spotless discharges (current density 300 A/cm²; duration 200 ns), in spite of the strong preionization     

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采用TORAY代码对HL-2A装置ECRH系统在单零点偏滤器位形下的波与等离子体相互作用的情况进行了模拟计算,研究了等离子体和波参数对ECRH波迹和功率沉积以及电流驱动的影响。根据数值计算结果,HL-2A装置ECRH系统在等离子体线平均密度为3.0×1013cm-3、中心电子温度为1.19keV的情况下,以O模作为入射波垂直入射时的单次吸收系数为99.3%,最大电流驱动效率为0.005×1020A.W-1.m-2。