Wiener空间上最佳一致逼近的平均误差的渐近估计

设Ｔｍ是ｍ阶积分算子，Ｋｍ是ｍ阶线性常微分算子Ｌｍ的逆算子．关于Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ测度，本文得到Ｔｍ与Ｋｍ的多项式最佳一致逼近的平均误差及ｎ－最优平均信息半径的最优阶．主要结果是Ｅａｎ（Ｔｍ，Ｗ）ｐ，∞ｎ－ｍ－１２（ｌｎｎ）１２及ｒｓｔｎ（Ｔｍ，Ｗ）ｐ，∞ｒｓｔ（Ｋｍ，Ｗ）ｐ，∞ｎ－ｍ－１２（ｌｎｎ）１２．     

可修不同部件n中取r至s系统的可靠性分析

本文对可修不同部件ｎ中取ｒ至ｓ系统进行了可靠性分析，这是一类典型的非单调关联系统。研究了该系统的工作条件和故障模式，并针对简单情形得到了此类可修系统的工作状态空间，给出了系统可靠度和系统首次故障前的平均时间ＭＴＴＦＦ的Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换表达式。     

可修不同部位n中取r至s系统的可靠性分析

本文对可修不同部件ｎ中取ｒ至ｓ系统进行了可靠性分析，这是一类典型的非单调关联系统，研究了该系统的工作条件和故障模式，并针对简单情形得到了此类可修系统的工作状态空间，给出了系统可靠度和系统首次故障前的平均时间ＭＴＴＦＦ的Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换表达式。     

大型网络基于连通可靠度的最优可靠度分配

由于网络连通可靠度计算属于NP-hard问题,当系统可靠度无法显式表达时,基于连通可靠度的大型复杂网络优化通常只能采用启发式优化算法解决．通过对复杂网络连通可靠度算法结构的分析,给出了系统连通可靠度的Taylor方程．采用遗传算法,由系统连通可靠度的Taylor方程确定种群适应值,得到一个系统最优可靠度分配方案;将最优解带入改进Minty算法或递推分解算法中,计算该最优解的连通可靠度精确值和对应的连通可靠度的Taylor展开方程;再次采用遗传算法求最优解．当最优解对应的可靠度精确值和Taylor方程算得得近似值误差小于指定精度时,则此最优解为最终的系统最优可靠度分配方案A·D2将此优化过程称为迭代遗传算法．算例显示迭代遗传算法不仅可用于大型网络的连通可靠度最优分配,而且优化迭代过程中可以得到多组阶段最优解,这些解均落在最优解附近,构成了近似最优解群,在实际工程优化中拓展了选择面．     

矩阵方程AXB=C的通解

本文给出了矩阵方程 Ａ_（ｍ×ｎ）Ｘ_（ｎ×５）Ｂ_（ｓ×）＝Ｃ_（ｍ×ｔ）有解且有无穷解的通解表达式 Ｘ＝Ｃ~（＊＊）＋［ｋ_（１１）ξ_１~Ｔ＋…＋ｋ_（１（ｎ－ｒ））ξ_（ｎ－ｒ）~Ｔ＋……ｋ_（ｓ１）ξ_１~Ｔ＋…＋ｋ_（ｓ（ｎ－ｒ））ξ_（ｎ－ｒ）~Ｔ］ ＋［Ｐ_（１１）η_１＋…＋Ｐ_（１（ｓ－１））η_（ｓ－１）……Ｐ_（ｎ１）η_１＋…Ｐ_（ｎ（ｓ－１））η_（ｓ－１）］~Ｔ（其中ｋ_（ｉｊ）;Ｐ_（ｉｊ）为任意常数;ξ_１…,ξ_（ｎ－ｒ）;η_１…,η_（ｓ－１）分别为Ａ_（ｍ×ｎ）Ｘ_（ｎ×１）＝０;Ｘ_（１×ｓ）Ｂ_（ｓ×ｔ）＝０的一个基础解系,Ｃ~（＊＊）为ＡＸＢ＝Ｃ的一个特解）及利用矩阵初等变换求其通解的方法．     

不等式研究成果集锦(2)

１３．设ｓ、ｔ是两个非零实数,对正整数ｒ＝１,２,…,ｎ－１,定义ｎ元正实数组ａ＝（ａ１,ａ２,…,ａｎ）和正权数组λ＝（λ１,λ２,…,λｎ）的一类加权对称平均　Ｐｒ（ａ,λ;ｓ,ｔ）＝∑１≤ｉ１＜…＜ｉｒ≤ｎ（∑ｎｋ＝１λｎ－∑ｒｊ＝１λｉｊ）（ｒ－１∑ｒｊ＝１ａｓｉｊ）ｔｓＣｒｎ－１∑ｎｋ＝１λｋ１ｔ,则对ｒ＝１,２,…,ｎ－２,当ｓ＜ｔ时,有Ｐｒ（ｒ,λ;ｓ,ｔ）≥Ｐｒ＋１（ｒ,λ;ｓ,ｔ）;当ｓ＞ｔ时,上边不等式反号．（张志华,肖振纲,１９９８,３）１４．△ＡＢＣ三边长分别为ａ、ｂ、ｃ…     

U1－sr条件

本文讨论Ｕ１－ｓｒ条件，这一条件有益于计算环的Ｋ１群．得到主要结果为；（１）完全确定满足Ｕ１－ｓｒ条件的半局部环：（２）给出使ＥｎｄＲ（Ｍ）满足Ｕ１－ｓｒ条件的一个刻划；（３）引进比Ｕ１－ｓｒ更强的一个条件ＳＵ１－ｓｒ，利用上述结果证明了：若Ｒ∈ＳＵ１－ｓｒ，则Ｍｎ（Ｒ）∈Ｕ１－ｓｒ；（４）证明了对于满足ＳＵ１－ｓｒ的环Ｒ，Ｋ１Ｒ＝ＧＬ１（Ｒ）ａｂ．     

Marcinkiewicz强大数定律的推广

本文讨论了非独立随机变量序列｛ｘｎ．ｎ≥１｝的Ｍａｒｃｉｎｋｉｅｗｉｃｚ强大数定律，对鞅差序列，－混合序列给出了ｓｎ／ｎ１／ｒ→０ａ．ｓ．的充分条件。     

关于模N的原根及其整除性

设整数ｎ≥３存在原根，对给定的正整数１＜ｋ＜ｎ且（ｋ，ｎ）＝１，本文证明了如下的结论：当ｎ充分大时一定存在模ｎ的二个原根ｒ及ｓ使得ｒｓ≡１（ｍｏｄｎ）且ｋ｜ｒ＋ｓ。     

The Formula of General Term of the Sum of Equal Powers of Natural Numbers

§１．　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｏｆｉｎｄｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｔｅｒｍｆｏｒｍｕｌａｏｆｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｗａｓａｎｏｌｄｅｓｔｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎＮｕｍｂｅｒＴｈｅｏｒｙ．Ｅａｒｌｙｉｎ３００Ｂ．Ｃ．,Ａｒｃｈｉｍｅｄｏ,ｔｈｅｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｉａｎｏｆａｎｃｉｅｎｔＧｒｅｅｃｅ,ｗｏｒｋｅｄｏｕｔｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕｌａ∑ｎｋ＝１ｋ＝ｎ（ｎ＋１）２ａｎｄ∑ｎｋ＝１ｋ２＝ｎ（ｎ＋１）（２ｎ＋１）６．Ｓｏｆａｒ,ｐｅｏｐｌｅｈａｖｅｇｏｔｍａｎｙｆｏｒｍｓｏｆｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｇｅ…     

基于系统可靠性的组件综合重要度变化机理分析

重要度理论是一种重要的系统薄弱环节识别和评估方法,被广泛应用于系统可靠性设计优化、维修资源分配、维修决策以及风险分析等领域。本文以组件状态转移率为纽带,分析了组件综合重要度对系统可靠性的影响机理,识别对系统可靠性变化影响最大的组件,综合重要度评估了单位时间内系统可靠性的变化。首先给出综合重要度的定义;其次讨论系统可靠性的组件重要度表示方法;最后在串联和并联系统中,分析综合重要度随着组件状态转移率的变化机理。     

Extended optimal inspection policies for a system in storage

A system such as missiles and spare parts of aircraft has to perform a normal operation in a severe environment at any time when it is used. However, the system is in storage for a long time from the delivery to the usage and its reliability goes down with time. Thus, a system in storage should be inspected and maintained at periodic times to hold a higher reliability than is prespecified.The following inspection model is considered: A system has three types of units, where unit 1 is maintained, unit 21 is not maintained but is replaced and unit 22 is neither maintained nor replaced. The system is overhauled if its reliability becomes lower than a prespecified probability. The number of replacements and time until overhaul are derived. Using these results, the average cost is obtained and both an optimal inspection time and an optimal replacement time to minimize it are numerically discussed.     

Optimal Design of Hole Reinforcements for Composite Structures

In many technical applications like aerospace and automotive structures, holes in thin-walled composite components are necessary for some reason. It easily happens that the presence of a hole results in a detrimental stress concentration in the vicinity of the hole with a strength degradation and premature failure of the structure, respectively. In order to avoid the aforementioned overloading and to achieve a sufficient strength, in practice, a local reinforcement is employed. In the present study, reinforcements by elliptic doublers,as well as doublers adapted to reinforcement requirements in a layerwise manner, are considered. The increasing demands of a low weight and high strength for modern structures lead to the problem of an optimal reinforcement design. For this purpose, an appropriate optimization model is set up, a structural model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior (displacements, stresses, etc.) of such structures, and the techniques of mathematical structural optimization are used to find an optimal design in a systematic manner. In this study, the finite-element method is applied to the structural analysis. Eventually, an appropriate mathematical optimization algorithm is used to approach the desired design optimum in an iterative way. The implemented procedure works with a good reliability and efficiency and yields optimal reinforcement designs which are very useful for direct engineering applications.     

考虑n中连续取k失效准则的树状系统可靠性求解方法

树状网络系统在管道运输,网络通信中较为常见,对其进行可靠性评估对系统设计及优化具有重要意义。针对树状冗余系统,在n中连续取k失效准则下,通过有限马尔可夫嵌入法并对其进行变形,研究了树状系统可靠性求解方法。本文对树状系统建模加以定义,提出了基于层数参数,层-节点向量,父-子节点矩阵三元参数的树状系统表示方法,研究了变形有限马尔可夫嵌入法的树状系统n中连续取k失效准则下的可靠性求解方法,给出了三个数值算例应用并分析了算法的运算复杂度。最后,本文对比讨论了基于概率母函数法的树状系统在n中连续取k准则下系统可靠性求解方法的研究,得出结论本文算法针对树状冗余系统n中连续取k失效准则下系统可靠性求解应用范围更广,求解效率较高。     

Optimal Control and Applications to Aerospace: Some Results and Challenges

This article surveys the usual techniques of nonlinear optimal control such as the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and the conjugate point theory, and how they can be implemented numerically, with a special focus on applications to aerospace problems. In practice the knowledge resulting from the maximum principle is often insufficient for solving the problem, in particular because of the well-known problem of initializing adequately the shooting method. In this survey article it is explained how the usual tools of optimal control can be combined with other mathematical techniques to improve significantly their performances and widen their domain of application. The focus is put onto three important issues. The first is geometric optimal control, which is a theory that has emerged in the 1980s and is combining optimal control with various concepts of differential geometry, the ultimate objective being to derive optimal synthesis results for general classes of control systems. Its applicability and relevance is demonstrated on the problem of atmospheric reentry of a space shuttle. The second is the powerful continuation or homotopy method, consisting of deforming continuously a problem toward a simpler one and then of solving a series of parameterized problems to end up with the solution of the initial problem. After having recalled its mathematical foundations, it is shown how to combine successfully this method with the shooting method on several aerospace problems such as the orbit transfer problem. The third one consists of concepts of dynamical system theory, providing evidence of nice properties of the celestial dynamics that are of great interest for future mission design such as low-cost interplanetary space missions. The article ends with open problems and perspectives.     

Modelling a general standby system and evaluation of its performance

Redundancy or standby is a technique that has been widely applied to improving system reliability and availability in system design. In this paper, a general method for modelling standby system is proposed and system performance measures are derived. It is shown that the proposed general standby system includes the cases of cold, hot and warm standby systems with units of exponential distribution, which were studied in the literature, as special cases. An optimal allocation problem for a standby system is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工作时间受限的单部件可修系统的维修策略

基于几何过程理论,研究了一类工作时间受限的单部件可修系统的最优更换策略问题.假定系统的维修时间和工作时间都服从一般分布,当工作时间低于预先给定的阈值φ,或当系统的维修次数达到N时,不再维修,而是更换上全新系统.利用更新过程理论,得到了系统平均故障频度和平均可用度等可靠性指标,并给出了系统长期运行单位时间期望效益函数的表达式,最后通过数值模拟讨论了下限阈值和工作次数对最优策略的影响.     

An Exact Solution Method for Reliability Optimization in Complex Systems

Systems reliability plays an important role in systems design, operation and management. Systems reliability can be improved by adding redundant components or increasing the reliability levels of subsystems. Determination of the optimal amount of redundancy and reliability levels among various subsystems under limited resource constraints leads to a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. The continuous relaxation of this problem in a complex system is a nonconvex nonseparable optimization problem with certain monotone properties. In this paper, we propose a convexification method to solve this class of continuous relaxation problems. Combined with a branch-and-bound method, our solution scheme provides an efficient way to find an exact optimal solution to integer reliability optimization in complex systems. This research was partially supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, grants CUHK4056/98E, CUHK4214/01E and 2050252, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 79970107 and 10271073.     

Cold vs. hot standby mission operation cost minimization for 1-out-of-N systems

It is well recognized that using the hot standby redundancy provides fast restoration in the case of failures. However the redundant elements are exposed to working stresses before they are used, which reduces the overall system reliability. Moreover, the cost of maintaining the hot redundant elements in the operational state is usually much greater than the cost of keeping them in the cold standby mode. Therefore, there exists a tradeoff between the cost of losses associated with the restoration delays and the operation cost of standby elements. Such a trade-off can be obtained by designing both hot and cold redundancy types into the same system. Thus a new optimization problem arises for the standby system design. The problem, referred to in this work as optimal standby element distributing and sequencing problem (SE-DSP) is to distribute a fixed set of elements between cold and hot standby groups and select the element initiation sequence so as to minimize the expected mission operation cost of the system while providing a desired level of system reliability. This paper first formulates and solves the SE-DSP problem for 1-out-of-N: G heterogeneous non-repairable standby systems. A numerical method is proposed for evaluating the system reliability and expected mission cost simultaneously. This method is based on discrete approximation of time-to-failure distributions of the system elements. A genetic algorithm is used as an optimization tool for solving the formulated optimization problem. Examples are given to illustrate the considered problem and the proposed solution methodology.     

噪声实验室供气系统的可靠性分析

文章研究了噪声实验室供气系统的可靠性问题,根据供气系统的工程设计框图绘制了可靠性框图．进而得到了供气系统的可靠性表达式．根据可靠性的评估方法,结合模拟试验的数据得到了供气系统可靠性评估的定量结果．通过时评估结果的分析,给出了改进噪声实验室供气系统的工程设计从而提高其可靠性的方法．