高压消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定八角和桂皮中镉、铅含量

八角或桂皮样品经硝酸-过氧化氢(5+3)混合液高压密闭消解后,以20 g·L-1磷酸氢二铵作基体改进剂,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其中镉和铅的含量。镉和铅的灰化温度分别为400℃,600℃;镉和铅的原子化温度分别为1 800℃,2 100℃。镉和铅的线性范围分别为10,50μg·L-1以内,检出限(3s/k)分别为0.42,0.98μg·L-1。加标回收率在96.0%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.24%~1.7%之间。     

铜掺杂ZnSe量子点荧光探针测定镉(Ⅱ)

基于镉(Ⅱ)与ZnSe/Cu量子点之间的荧光猝灭作用,提出了用ZnSe/Cu量子点作为荧光探针测定镉的方法。通过微波辅助加热,在水溶液中合成了巯基丙酸修饰的ZnSe/Cu量子点。用荧光光谱、紫外光谱研究了ZnSe/Cu量子点与镉(Ⅱ)的相互作用。在pH为7.4的三羟甲基氨基甲烷-盐酸缓冲溶液和1.5×10-4 mol·L-1 ZnSe/Cu量子点溶液中测定镉(Ⅱ)。镉(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0.025~0.40mg·L-1范围与ZnSe/Cu量子点荧光猝灭强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.021 6mg·L-1。方法应用于水样的测定,回收率为98.0%,102%。对0.15mg·L-1镉(Ⅱ)标准溶液测定11次,测定值的相对标准偏差为6.7%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定金属饰品中铅、镉、铬、汞、锑、砷、硒、钡、镍溶出量

金属饰品样品用硝酸(20+80)溶液浸泡过夜,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定金属饰品中铅、镉、铬、汞、锑、砷、硒、钡和镍的溶出量。选择波长为216.9,228.8,267.7,194.2,206.8,189.0,196.0,455.4,216.6nm的9条谱线依次作为测定铅、镉、铬、汞、锑、砷、硒、钡和镍的分析线。铅、镉、铬、锑、砷、硒、钡和镍的质量浓度与其发射强度在10.0mg·L-1以内、汞在2.0mg·L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限(3s)在0.002～0.05mg·L-1之间。方法用于金属饰品的分析,回收率在95.4%～103.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.68%～2.0%之间。     

在线超滤-离子色谱法同时测定面粉中3种阴离子

采用在线超滤-离子色谱法同时测定面粉中BrO3-、NO2-、NO3-3种阴离子的含量。10.00g样品用水超声提取30min,定容为100mL,离心分离,取上清液通过0.22μm在线超滤系统进行预处理。分取20μL进样,经Metrosep A Supp 7-250阴离子分析柱和Metrosep A Supp 4/5Guard保护柱分离,以3.6mmol·L-1碳酸钠溶液为流动相进行淋洗,采用抑制电导检测器进行检测。BrO3-、NO2-和NO3-分别在0.20~10.0 mg·L-1,0.02~2.00 mg·L-1和0.25~30.0mg·L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.20~2.50mg·kg-1之间。应用此方法分析了3个面粉样品,并以此为基体,用标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在89.0%~110%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.2%~4.6%之间。     

蛋壳膜负载双硫腙吸附富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中镉

在碱性条件下,负载双硫腙的蛋壳膜生物吸附材料对镉离子有良好的吸附性能。据此提出用蛋壳膜负载双硫腙吸附富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中镉含量的方法。吸附pH为9,振荡时间为30min,振荡温度为30℃。镉的质量浓度在1.0~50μg·L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.12μg·L-1。在5.0,10.0μg·L-1等2个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在93.8%~103%之间。对5.0μg·L-1镉标准溶液连续测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.7%。     

一种多卤代苯基荧光酮显色剂的合成及分光光度法测定微量镉

合成了一种新型的多卤代苯基荧光酮显色剂2′,4′-二氯苯基-4,5-二溴荧光酮(DCDBPF)。在pH 10的十六烷基三甲基溴化胺-辛烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚微乳液中,镉(Ⅱ)能与DCDBPF发生显色反应形成1比3的稳定配合物,配合物的最大吸收波长位于626nm,其摩尔吸光率为1.0×105 mol-1·L·cm-1。镉的质量浓度在1.8mg·L-1以内符合朗伯-比耳定律,检出限为10μg·L-1。方法用于墨鱼样品的分析,加标回收率在95.2%~97.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差在2.5%~4.8%之间。     

极谱法测定矿石及冶金渣中铍含量

矿石及冶金渣试样与过氧化钠在700℃熔融,用温水浸取,以一定量盐酸酸化后定容。分取部分试样溶液使其中铍(Ⅱ)与铍试剂Ⅲ在EDTA、氯化铵和氨水底液中,生成稳定的配合物,该配合物于-0.80V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的吸附波,其峰电流的二阶导数与铍(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0.004~0.20mg·L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.3μg·L-1。方法用于了7个矿石及冶金渣样品的分析,所得测定值与认定值一致。方法的加标回收率在96.0%~105%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.3%~9.7%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定牙科修复体产品中的铍、镉

建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定牙科镍铬合金、钴铬合金烤瓷修复体产品金属部分中铍、镉含量的分析方法。以6 mL浓硝酸、2 mL浓盐酸和0.5 mL氢氟酸为消解液,采用微波消解法消解样品。铍、镉的质量浓度在5～50 mg/L范围内与光谱强度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均为1.000,铍,镉的检出限分别为0.8,1.8μg/L。加标回收率为96.2%～104.6%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.1%～4.4%(n=10)。该方法具有良好的精密度与准确度,可用于牙科镍铬合金、钴铬合金烤瓷修复体产品金属部分中铍、镉的测定。     

碰撞反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定锆基合金中痕量镉

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定锆基合金中痕量镉。以氧气作为碰撞反应气,消除锆基体中多原子离子ZrOH对镉测定的影响。镉元素的质量浓度在5.0μg·L-1以内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3σ)为0.122μg·L-1。在0.5μg·L-1镉(Ⅱ)的水平上进行精密度试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为2.8%。     

冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉

采用冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉。大米样品经硝酸-高氯酸(5+1)混合酸消解后,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中加入溶于8 g·L-1氢氧化钠的25 g·L-1硼氢化钠溶液使与溶液中镉离子反应生成镉气态原子。分析中采用载气流量为0.8 L·min-1。试样溶液中加入硝酸镍和硫脲混合溶液作为增敏剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液,按选定的工作条件进行测定。镉的质量浓度在0.02~20.0μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3σ)为0.005μg·L-1。应用此法对大米样品进行分析,测得镉的回收率在96.7%~103.7%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.