基于计算机探究性建模的高中化学“反应速率”教学设计*

模型和建模是化学核心素养的重要组成部分。计算机辅助建模具有可视化性,能创设探究性学习环境,在教师引导学生构建模型和学习概念中扮演着重要角色。基于计算机辅助建模的优势,开展注重学生参与度、由学生自主建模的探究性教学。以“化学反应速率”为例,选择计算机建模工具SageModeler作为辅助技术,围绕心智模型的建立、评价、发展和优化,旨在通过建模教学提高学生对模型本质的理解,发展学生建模的观念和能力,形成对化学反应速率的清晰认识。     

以层层深入的问题引导计算思维模型建构* ——以“化学反应中含杂质物质质量的计算”为例

针对学生在学习“依据化学方程式的计算”中普遍存在的“机械记忆解题步骤、怠于探求问题背后深层原因、将化学问题沦为单纯的数学计算”等倾向问题,采用层层深入的问题设置来激发学生深度思维,促使学生将已有知识链条化、结构化,同时将内在的思维链条外化,逐步搭建解决问题的一般思维模型,以此促进学生对化学核心概念和原理的深度理解。在初步建模的基础上,进一步引导学生对“化学反应中含杂质物质质量的计算”的具体问题再次建模,逐步形成“依据化学方程式的计算”类问题的解决图式。调查数据表明,经过思维建模及其应用有效发展了学生的深度思维能力和问题解决能力。     

职前化学教师化学建模能力测评研究*

化学教师化学建模能力水平的高低直接影响着所培养学生建模能力的强弱。基于Rasch模型从模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力3个维度开发四水平测查的《职前化学教师化学建模能力问卷调查》,对83名职前化学教师的化学建模能力进行测评,研究发现:被调查的职前化学教师化学建模能力总体较差,参照《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》对化学建模能力的具体要求,分别仅有88%、42%、54%的职前化学教师的模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力达标。因此,建议高等师范院校加强对职前化学教师化学建模能力的培养。     

三重表征视域下的化学学习研究考查

梳理了三重表征研究范式下部分化学学习研究成果。基于三重表征,研究者细致考查学生在宏观表征、微观表征和符号表征等单维度化学学习中遇到的困难;结合信息加工模型,解释了化学学习机制,形成对化学学习的动态认识,指出以上研究中尚待完善之处,以期为化学学习的深入研究提供借鉴。     

通过课堂观察法比较中等生和优等生的化学课堂学习行为——以"弱电解质的电离"为例

课堂是学生学习的主要场所,本研究通过观察一节化学常态课,对比分析中等生和优等生的化学课堂学习行为.研究发现:学生在化学课堂上体现的主体性不明显,课堂活动以教师为主;优等生在化学课堂表现出学习的投入程度、专注度都比中等生要高;中等生已有的认知结构、元认知策略的不足以及畏难情绪大大影响了他们课堂的有效学习;小组合作学习能大...     

大学生化学竞赛对实验教学改革与创新人才培养的促进作用*

大学生的化学竞赛是课内实验教学的有效延伸,也是从学生视角对实验教学效果的有效检验。通过分析和比较学生参加化学实验竞赛的过程和效果,能有效促进化学实验教学改革、课程建设及创新人才的培养。近年来吉林大学化学学院学生实验竞赛的成绩显著提高,一方面通过化学竞赛激发本科生喜爱化学和开展化学研究的热情,增加学习的主观能动性;另一方面通过竞赛发现问题,在解决问题的过程中促进实验教学改革和课程建设,学院“三阶段”模式的竞赛活动开展,更加有利于培养学生的创新意识和创新能力,促进了化学创新人才的培养。     

生活境脉促体验 实验创新助探究—指向核心素养发展的“铁及其化合物的应用”教学实践

有机融合学生生活中的经验与体验和化学学习中的认知与思维,可优化课堂进程,提高学习效率,让化学知识建构的过程同时成为化学学科核心素养发展提升的过程。在“铁及其化合物的应用”的教学中,以“笔·墨”为情境生成真实问题,在互动、探究、体验中整合物质性质,建构思维模型,并应用模型解决问题,发展科学探究、证据推理、模型认知等化学学科核心素养。     

板图模型在教学中的作用

本文介绍板图模型的制作方法和使用范围。说明板图模型在化学教学中可以培养学生浓厚的学习兴趣,有利于突出教学重点,强化学生对化学知识的识记,有利于学习水平的提高。     

计算机模型应用于化学教学的若干策略

学生难以建立宏观-微观-符号三重表征及其它们之间的相互联系,造成大量的化学错误概念及学习障碍。为解决这一问题,国外学者广泛运用计算机模型于化学教学中,并取得良好效果,但国内相关研究相对滞后。论文在实证研究基础上,提炼出计算机模型应用于中学化学的若干教学策略,并结合具体教学案例加以阐述。这些策略包括：（1）创设问题情境,启发学生思维;（2）呈现宏微现象,理解科学知识;（3）训练科学方法,提高探究能力;（4）引导反思质疑,理解模型本质;（5）自主建构模型,增强建模技能。论文最后提出几条教学建议。     

建模在化学解题中的应用举例

建模就是把实际问题数学化,是一种数学思维方法。运用建模解化学题,其基本的思路是：①认真分析化学问题中各知识点之间的关系;②寻找挖掘各化学知识点之间的量变规律,应用化学原理建立化学模型;③运用数学方法对化学模型进行处理,建立适当的数学模型;④应用数学模型和化学规律解答题设中化学问题。现举例说明。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.