金属配合物显色原理的课堂教学软件研发*

有关金属配合物颜色的形成原理是现行无机化学教学中的一大难点,基于深度学习理论,以六水合氯化镍为例,研发了一款金属配合物显色原理的教学软件。该软件以宏观问题引入教学,创设探究情境,展示了金属配合物的结构、d-轨道分裂的原因、金属配合物显色的原理,软件能帮助学生从金属配合物的结构上去认知其显色原理,拓展学生的视野,进而达成深度学习的目标。     

高中化学“探秘配合物”的项目式教学——揭秘人体生命健康中的配合物

以“揭秘人体生命健康中的配合物”为项目研究主题,引导学生掌握配位键以及人体中配合物的存在和结构,并设计“调研人体中配合物的存在”“探究配位键的概念”“明确配合物的结构特征”“认识配合物的应用”“解释一氧化碳中毒的原理”等5个子任务。内容分为2个部分,第1部分以人体血红蛋白中的配位键为情境认识配合物的存在,第2部分从结构角度设置3个进阶梯度升华对配合物的认知,从宏观辨识到微观结构探析,提升学生对配合物的认知水平和学科素养,落实教、学、评一体化要求。     

基于深度学习构建探究实验设计思路*——以“探秘铜(II)离子配合物”为例

新课程背景下,依托教育部化学学科深度学习项目组提出的深度学习教学设计“四要素”,以配合物为例,开展深度学习,深入挖掘核心知识的素养功能和教育价值,促进学习方式转变,发展化学学科核心素养。     

传统文化融入中学化学教学——“非遗印染技艺”的教学资源开发

从染料的利用历史、传统印染工艺、印染环保创新等3个维度挖掘了非遗印染技艺的教学资源，与萃取、自然资源开发利用、还原剂、硫及其化合物、酚醇性质、配合物、电解池等化学知识结合，以印染技艺为载体将传统文化、思政教育与化学教学有机融合，落实化学学科核心素养的发展，为传统文化融入中学化学教学提供借鉴。     

热致变色自旋转换材料的制备与表征

设计包含Fe(II)自旋转换配合物的合成及热致变色性质研究,探究了温度、溶剂对配合物自旋状态的影响;进一步制备了具有一定加工性能的热致变色复合高分子材料,并通过多种手段加以表征。实验从验证基本原理到设计改性实用材料,涉及无机、分析、高分子、材料等多学科交叉,通过合成–表征–性质调控–应用的全流程实现对学生知识、技能、素养的全面训练。     

对氨基苯磺酸锌配合物的绿色合成及结构表征

锌配合物的绿色合成与表征是结合配合物基础知识和当前科学研究热点设计改进的一个综合性实验。本文以水为溶剂，以对氨基苯磺酸(4-ABS)和ZnO为主要原料，直接法制备得到一种三维网状配合物。对该配合物进行单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重分析、紫外以及荧光光谱等结构表征，并采用Materials Studio (MS)软件的CASTEP模块，对配合物的几何构型进行优化，从原子水平上进一步佐证配合物的最优结构及稳定化能。该实验过程包含配合物制备、蒸发浓缩、减压过滤、单晶培养、紫外及荧光光谱测试、热重分析、理论计算等，整个教学过程综合性及可操作性较强。同时，该实验把绿色合成融入到实验方案设计和实施的全过程，使学生树立节能环保的理念，激发学生探究真知的兴趣和热情，使其在加深理解配位化学基础知识的同时，获得了相关前沿热点知识，对培养学生创新思维、科学研究能力和综合素质具有十分重要的意义。     

助推航天梦情境下金属材料利用的教学——铝和铝合金的使用

以金属材料助推航天梦为主线，从火箭外壳、返回舱、火箭燃料推进剂串联教学情境。从实际应用出发，培养选择、优化、使用材料的能力，通过信息分析和实验探究方法培养学生的证据意识，利用价-类二维视角学习铝合金、氧化铝、金属铝的性质，逐步形成结构决定性质、性质决定用途的学科观念，感悟材料发展促进技术进步，赞赏化学对社会发展的重大贡献。     

无机化学综合实验:Cu(I)配合物的合成与光致发光性能

Cu（I）配合物的合成与光致发光性能实验是结合无机化学中的配合物基础知识和前沿研究热点设计的综合性实验,包括配合物的制备和光致发光性质表征。本实验中分别制备了立方烷、阶梯状、二聚体等不同结构和不同配体的Cu（I）配合物,深入研究了光致发光性能与配合物结构之间的关系。该实验共需12学时完成,实验过程包括配合物制备、减压过滤、荧光光谱测试与分析等,涉及沉淀溶解、配位等多种反应类型和分子光物理性质探究。该综合性实验对实验设备要求低,实验现象明显,产率高,教学过程可操作性强,综合性强。教学实践表明,该实验能显著激发学生学习兴趣,不仅可以让学生加深对无机化学基础知识的理解,还可以获取前沿知识,对提高学生的综合实验能力,培养创新型、复合型人才具有重要意义。     

无机化学综合实验:Cu(Ⅰ)配合物的合成与光致发光性能

Cu(Ⅰ)配合物的合成与光致发光性能实验是结合无机化学中的配合物基础知识和前沿研究热点设计的综合性实验,包括配合物的制备和光致发光性质表征.本实验中分别制备了立方烷、阶梯状、二聚体等不同结构和不同配体的Cu(Ⅰ)配合物,深入研究了光致发光性能与配合物结构之间的关系.该实验共需12学时完成,实验过程包括配合物制备、减压过滤、荧光光谱测试与分析等,涉及沉淀溶解、配位等多种反应类型和分子光物理性质探究.该综合性实验对实验设备要求低,实验现象明显,产率高,教学过程可操作性强,综合性强.教学实践表明,该实验能显著激发学生学习兴趣,不仅可以让学生加深对无机化学基础知识的理解,还可以获取前沿知识,对提高学生的综合实验能力,培养创新型、复合型人才具有重要意义.     

两种Zn(Ⅱ)配合物电子结构和光谱性质的理论研究

为了探究Zn(Ⅱ)配合物Zn(ATSM)(A)和Zn(BTSC)(DMSO)(B)的电子结构和光谱性质,采用M06方法优化了它们的基态几何构型,并利用计算得到的电子结构信息绘制了配合物在吸收过程中的电子云分布图.理论模拟出的吸收光谱数据与实验结果吻合较好.而且,在理论上检测到了实验上没有报道到的吸收峰.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。