变量控制在实验探究专题教学中的应用与评价*——以“镁+水”反应体系为例

在以“Mg+H₂O”反应体系为核心的实验探究专题教学活动中,通过变量控制的方法设计实验方案,采用常规实验、数字化实验等方式,多层次探究加速“Mg+H₂O”反应速率的原因和控制条件。在有层次的教学活动中递进式发展学生通过变量控制的方法设计实验方案的能力、拓宽对影响化学反应速率因素的认识角度,通过对活动环节的评价,诊断并发展学生的实验探究能力。     

“化学反应速率”有关实验的优化与改进研究

利用体温、室温和冰温控制碱性葡萄糖溶液与蓝色亚甲基蓝溶液反应的温度,利用自制装置观察不同浓度稀盐酸与锌反应生成氢气的速率,利用EDTA钠盐调控催化剂催化过氧化氢分解,对中学化学"化学反应速率"一节学生实验进行巧妙改进和适当拓展。使实验过程更为生动、科学和形象地揭示了温度、浓度和催化剂对化学反应速率的影响。     

蔗糖催化燃烧的实验探究设计

通过草木灰催化蔗糖燃烧实验,对催化剂种类、反应物混合比例和催化剂颗粒大小对实验效果的影响进行探究。引领学生学习控制实验相关变量,对单一变量进行探究的科学方法。     

数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响

利用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响,采用紫红色溶液互补光"绿"通道的亮度值-时间的曲线变化表征反应物浓度与化学反应速率的关系。同时也利用分光光度计研究反应物浓度与反应速率的关系,测出透光率-时间的曲线变化。从实验结果比较分析,用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响是非常简便可行的方法,同时让学生使用随身所带的电子产品开展实验研究,不仅使实验教学具有趣味性和科学性,而且能更好地培养学生的创新潜质。     

学习任务驱动“探究浓度对化学反应速率影响”教学

在“探究浓度对化学反应速率影响”化学学习任务的教学实施过程中,引导学生寻找解决问题的突破口,设计并实施探究实验,形成认知。呈现资料卡片,引发学生认知冲突,产生质疑;师生协作,重新寻找解决问题的突破口,进一步发展学生对“浓度对化学反应速率影响”的认识水平。在教学实践中激发学生的质疑精神,塑造学生的必备品格,提升学生的关键能力。     

一个异乎寻常的冷胀热缩的现象——关于“熵”的实验设计

本实验是针对选修4《化学反应原理》第四节“化学反应进行的方向”中关于“熵”的概念开发创设的一个演示和探究实验,它有助于学生的探索和理解。化学反应进行的方向是中学化学所涉及的概念之一,教材以学生熟悉的自发进行的放热反应为例,介绍化学反应能量降低具有自发进行的倾向,再以生活现象为例,说明混乱度增加是自然界的普遍规律,是化学反应自发进行的另一种倾向。     

应用手持技术实验探究氯离子浓度对氯离子效应的影响*——以镁与盐酸的反应为例

氯离子的存在可以加速一些有金属参与的化学反应的速率,形成“氯离子效应”。以镁条与稀盐酸反应为例,应用手持技术数字化实验探究氯离子浓度对氯离子效应的影响。研究发现,氯离子浓度在0.03～0.83 mol/L,增大氯离子浓度会导致化学反应速率增大,氯离子效应增强;氯离子浓度是影响化学反应速率的因素之一。提出了该实验的教学应用方案和后续的研究建议。     

巧设实验 让经典焕发新意——“化学反应中物质的质量关系”课堂实验教学设计分析

针对教材中"化学反应中的质量关系",设计课堂实验,改进教材实验的方法,让学生主动参与实验,进一步改进实验,激发学生思考,引发认知冲突,帮助学生在课堂实验探究中掌握质量守恒定律。     

金属“铜树”生长实验过程可视化研究

为观察活泼金属与铜离子置换反应现象，将此反应设计成缓慢生长的“铜树”微量化实验。通过控制单一变量法探究活泼金属单质、不同阴离子铜盐、硫酸铜溶液在不同氯离子浓度条件下“铜树”的生长，得到最佳反应条件。用智能手机和手机微距镜头组合录制反应过程的视频，电脑视频编辑软件辅助处理改变播放倍数来观察铜树生长的动态过程。实验结果表明，在最佳条件下，能观察到栩栩如生的“铜树”生长过程中的细节现象。电脑处理后的视频可以在教学演示过程中使用。     

显化反应条件视角 发展反应调控意识——受控的燃烧

以波义耳研究燃烧的史实为背景,创新设计燃烧条件的探究实验,并提出“条件叠加式”燃烧条件探究新思路。以“燃灭控”为主线,一以贯之地显性化“条件是认识化学反应的一种基本视角”,落实“在一定条件下通过化学反应可以实现物质转化”的化学观念。基于调控化学反应思想创新设计“燃旺弱灭”反应控制视域,统整开展“情境”“活动”与“任务”三位一体的学习活动。重置教材实验的教学价值取向,结合燃烧的形式美、汉语言文字解读,将化学学科知识与美育、汉语言文化领域跨领域融合。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。