化学学科核心素养导向下的“化学平衡”教学研究

为了克服现行教材编写的不足及现有教学研究的局限性,在“化学平衡”主题教学中设计和实施“素养为本”的有效课堂教学策略。引导学生从宏观上认识可逆反应及化学平衡状态,再从微观上对化学平衡进行解释。通过猜想、演算、验证、推广等探究活动认识化学平衡常数,从而实现化学平衡的定性分析到定量判断。通过“收集证据、提出假设、构建模型、模型预测和实验验证”等活动探究外界条件对化学平衡的影响,创新了“勒夏特列原理”的认识方式。整节教学中设计“以真实情境为载体,以具体问题为驱动,以实验事实为证据,以思维模型为导向”的基本教学程序,让学生在系列探究活动中逐步发展化学学科核心素养。     

简易灭火器的实验设计

人教版义务教育课程标准实验教科书九年级《化学》上册中,第七单元课题1“燃烧和灭火”中,第126页[活动与探究]试根据灭火的原理和上述实验,设计一个简易的灭火器（图1装置可供参考）。     

“化学反应的利用”教学设计

“化学反应的利用”包含两部分内容:利用化学反应制备新物质,化学反应为人类提供能源。分2课时进行。1教学目标(1)知识与技能①掌握实验室制备氯气的原理和尾气处理方法,了解制备装置及收集方法。②了解原电池的工作原理。(2)过程与方法通过“活动.探究-氯气的制取和原电池的工作原理”学会运用实验、观察获取信息并分析推理。(3)情感态度价值观通过教材等途径为学生提供丰富的材料,开拓视野,使学生从多个角度体会化学科学与人类文明和社会发展的密切关系,提升对研究化学反应应用价值的认识。2教学流程教师活动学生活动设计意图就上一问题作答,引出化学能→电能;布置探究任务-利用所给仪器和试剂进行实验,解决下列问题:(1)化学能能否转化为电能?你组装的装置实现了吗?(2)在装置中你还有什么新发现?依据所给用品与试剂(干电池、导线、电流计、锌板、铜板、稀硫酸、反应器)进行探究性实验并观察实验现象(1)通过让学生分组设计完成实验,为学生提供合作学习机会提高实验技能及观察能力;(2)在探究学习活动中体验科学发现的过程,尝试探究成功的快乐对学生实验进行评价用Flash课件展示原电池工作原理小结原电池工作原理分析现象,探究原电池工作原理(组内讨...     

高中化学“物质转化及反应调控”项目式学习*——我是米酒酿造师

以“我是米酒酿造师——如何在家中酿造出美味可口的米酒”为项目主题,在化学、生物学科融合的大背景下,开展“物质转化及反应调控”的教学。通过“了解米酒酿造的原理、探究米酒酿造的影响因素、设计米酒酿造的方案”等3个核心活动,落实典型有机化合物的性质、有机化合物之间的转化等核心知识;在解决实际问题的过程中体会控制变量思想在科学探究中的重要作用,体会调控化学反应的速率和限度的重要意义。     

高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学*——探究原电池电动势的影响因素

以“探究原电池电动势的影响因素”为项目学习主题,以探讨化学电源的应用、探究原电池的工作原理、测量原电池的电动势、搭建高电动势原电池等4个任务为关键项目任务,呈现高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学设计思路和教学实践过程。     

变量控制在实验探究专题教学中的应用与评价*——以“镁+水”反应体系为例

在以“Mg+H₂O”反应体系为核心的实验探究专题教学活动中,通过变量控制的方法设计实验方案,采用常规实验、数字化实验等方式,多层次探究加速“Mg+H₂O”反应速率的原因和控制条件。在有层次的教学活动中递进式发展学生通过变量控制的方法设计实验方案的能力、拓宽对影响化学反应速率因素的认识角度,通过对活动环节的评价,诊断并发展学生的实验探究能力。     

燃烧反应动力学研究进展

化学反应动力学是燃烧过程分析的重要工具。燃烧微观反应过程、复杂反应机理、燃烧实验测量和湍流燃烧数值模拟等方面的研究工作已经取得了长足进步。本文主要介绍燃烧反应动力学研究方法,包括电子结构方法、燃烧反应热力学和速率常数的计算方法、燃烧详细机理构建和简化、反应力场分子模拟以及燃烧中间体测量、燃料点火延迟和光谱诊断等方面的研究现状。燃烧反应动力学具有很强的应用背景,燃烧过程化学物种的反应速率计算是湍流燃烧数值模拟的一个中心任务。由于燃烧反应网络的高度复杂性,我们对燃烧机理的认识还远不清楚。化学反应和湍流相互作用研究的深入、燃烧反应动力学和计算流体力学的协同发展,将对新燃料设计、燃烧数值模拟、发动机内流道流场结构的准确描述产生深远影响。     

STSE教育和“做科学”共赢的化学实验探究模式——评美国《社会中的化学》中的“物质的探究”

美国高中化学教材《社会中的化学》中设置了大量的“物质的探究”活动。每个探究活动都强调实验基本原理的教学,实验过程的设计独具匠心,重视学生“做中学”。“物质的探究”不仅反映了化学、技术、社会、环境紧密联系的课程理念,而且体现了化学实验方法教育的多种重要价值。     

酸碱性与人类生活——“溶液的酸碱性”课堂教学设计与感悟

有效地开展探究活动,让化学课成为学生终生受益的一门学科,是当前面临的一个重要课题。以苏教版《化学反应原理》（选修4）专题3“溶液中的离子反应”第二单元为例,阐述新课程理念下新课程教学中“从生活走进化学,从实验研究化学,从化学走向社会”的基本教学思路,并探研了教学实施时的要项。     

在“过氧化钠与水反应”定量实验探究中提升核心素养*

以高中化学中“过氧化钠与水的反应”的定量化实验探究过程为例,针对反应后滴入酚酞时溶液立即变深红色,随后颜色逐渐变浅甚至褪色的反常现象,通过控制变量,多角度探析了反应历程。凸显定量化的实验活动在提升学生实验探究与创新意识、证据推理与模型认知等化学核心素养中的重要作用;归纳了元素化合物模块的实验教学活动的一般思路;更好地说明化学是一门以实验为基础的科学。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。