数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响

利用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响,采用紫红色溶液互补光"绿"通道的亮度值-时间的曲线变化表征反应物浓度与化学反应速率的关系。同时也利用分光光度计研究反应物浓度与反应速率的关系,测出透光率-时间的曲线变化。从实验结果比较分析,用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响是非常简便可行的方法,同时让学生使用随身所带的电子产品开展实验研究,不仅使实验教学具有趣味性和科学性,而且能更好地培养学生的创新潜质。     

对化学反应速率的实验教学研究

对人教版普通高中教材(必修加选修)中测量化学反应速率的方法进行了改进,将定性实验改进成定量和半定量实验,提出了测量化学反应速率的3种新方法。利用反应物或生成物的性质如生成一定量沉淀所需时间,反应混合物颜色改变所需时间研究了浓度、温度对平均反应速率的影响;对有气体生成的反应,测量反应混合物的质量随时间的减少,或生成气体的体积随时间的增加测量和比较了固体颗粒物大小,催化剂对初始反应速率的影响。     

反胶团萃取铅的动力学机理研究

利用恒界面池研究了二壬基萘磺酸(DNNSA)反胶团溶液萃取模拟电池废水中铅离子的动力学。考察了搅拌转速、DNNSA、初始铅离子浓度以及温度对萃取速率的影响,得到了DNNSA反胶团萃取废水中铅离子的动力学方程并对萃取机理进行了探讨。结果表明,当搅拌速率在200r/min时出现与搅拌强度无关的动力学"坪区",萃取过程为化学反应控制。在动力学"坪区",铅离子萃取速率随着萃取剂DNNSA浓度和水相铅离子浓度增加而增加,温度升高萃取速率加快,萃取反应活化能为35.11k J/mol。     

反应速度实验的改进

通过精心设计的三价铁离子与硫代硫酸根发生的氧化还原反应的实验,揭示了化学反应速度与浓度、温度、催化剂的密切关系。     

铜锌铝催化剂上变换反应动力学的研究 Ⅱ.二维多组分扩散模型及效率因子的数值解

本文研究在铜锌铝催化剂上,一氧化碳变换反应中的气体扩散速率对化学反应速率的影响。建立了各反应气体在柱形催化剂内扩散过程的数学模型;并用正交配置法将模型离散后,以拟牛顿法求得数值解,获得颗粒内的气体浓度分布及催化剂的效率因子,并与其它简化模型作了比较;同时通过实验获得化学反应本征动力学方程及宏观反应速率,从而求得效率因子实验值。二维多组分扩散模型理论计算值与实验值是比较接近的,最高偏差13%,平均偏差为7.5%。而一维模型的偏差比其大2—3%,但能简化计算,节省机时。     

在缓冲溶液中探究高锰酸钾与草酸的反应

以硫酸氢钠-硫酸钠缓冲溶液为反应介质,研究了温度、溶液pH、高锰酸钾浓度以及草酸浓度等因素对高锰酸钾与草酸反应的反应速率的影响。研究发现,升高温度、降低溶液pH（即增大氢离子浓度）以及增大草酸浓度均能加快反应速率,而高锰酸钾浓度对反应速率的影响规律性不强。     

镍基催化剂用于合成气甲烷化的实验研究

实验基于工业用镍基甲烷化催化剂,分别考察了操作温度、原料气CO浓度、操作压力、空速等对合成气(CO浓度5%~25%)甲烷化反应的影响,并分析了造成催化剂失活的因素。结果表明,在300~500 ℃ CH₄的生成速率随着温度的升高、压力的增大、CO浓度的增加而增大。但CO的浓度不能过高,当H₂/CO≤3时催化剂的催化活性会逐步下降。通过XRD、EDS等分析结果得知,催化剂表面存在积炭,催化剂的失活跟积炭有关,通过进一步的对照实验和BET分析表明,积炭的速率与反应温度有关,温度越高积炭速率越快。     

Study on the syngas methanation of nickel-based catalyst

实验基于工业用镍基甲烷化催化剂,分别考察了操作温度、原料气CO浓度、操作压力、空速等对合成气(CO浓度5％～25％)甲烷化反应的影响,并分析了造成催化剂失活的因素.结果表明,在300～500℃CH4的生成速率随着温度的升高、压力的增大、CO浓度的增加而增大.但CO的浓度不能过高,当H2/CO≤3时催化剂的催化活性会逐步下降.通过XRD、EDS等分析结果得知,催化剂表面存在积炭,催化剂的失活跟积炭有关,通过进一步的对照实验和BET分析表明,积炭的速率与反应温度有关,温度越高积炭速率越快.     

负载型Ni-Co-P/CNFs催化剂的制备及释氢性能

以纳米碳纤维(CNFs)为基体材料,采用化学镀法在CNFs表面沉积了Ni-Co-P催化剂。研究了催化剂用量,硼氢化钠、氢氧化钠浓度,温度等对碱性硼氢化钠溶液水解释氢的影响。电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测试得出负载型Ni-Co-P催化剂含镍13.30%(质量分数,下同)、钴82.25%、磷4.45%。硼氢化钠水解释氢实验结果表明,产氢速率与催化剂用量呈线性关系。当温度为45 ℃、催化剂浓度为7.5 g/L、氢氧化钠浓度为5%、硼氢化钠浓度为2.5%时,氢气释放速率达到最大值18.044 L/(g·min)。通过对负载型催化剂Ni-Co-P/CNFs催化碱性硼氢化钠溶液释放氢气动力学研究表明,该催化剂的活化能E_a为51.57 kJ/mol。     

催化剂对CaO固硫反应活性的影响研究

用热天平研究了在CaO中添加不同催化剂对固硫反应进程及固硫反应转化率的影响,并采用等效粒子模型处理实验数据,计算了固硫反应两个阶段(表面化学反应控制阶段及产物层扩散控制阶段)的动力学参数。实验表明不同的催化剂对CaO固硫的影响效果和机制不同：催化剂KNO3,NaNO3使表面化学反应活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能降低,但同时也使表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子降低;而催化剂Fe2O,V2O5增大了表面化学活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能,但同时也增大了表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子。并发现几种催化剂对活化能和指前因子的影响都具有耦合性,因此单以表面化学反应活化能或产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能来判断固硫反应活性是不够全面的,应计算出具体温度下的反应速率常数和产物层扩散系数值,才能准确地反映固硫反应的活性。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Catalyst free,visible-light promoted photoaddition reactions between C60 and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted tertiary amines for synthesis of aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes

An efficient and benign method for the preparation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerenes has been developed. The process, involving catalyst free, visible-light irradiation of 10% EtOH-toluene solutions containing fullerene C₆₀ and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted amines by using a 20 W compact fluorescent lamp, leads to formation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerene adducts in a highly efficient manner. The photoaddition reaction takes place via a pathway initiated by visible light absorption by C₆₀, followed by SET from the amine to the triplet excited state of C₆₀. Ethanol-promoted desilylation of the resulting a minimum radical then generates the corresponding α-amino radical which couples with the C₆₀ radical anion to form the anion precursor of the fullerene adducts. The new approach using visible-light takes place under mild conditions and it does not require the use of photocatalysts. Thus, the method developed in this effort could broadens the range of functionalized fullerene derivatives that can be readily prepared.     

Highly efficient and stereoselective cycloaddition of nitrones to indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates

The reactions of various nitrones with indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates proceeds regioselectively with high diastereoselectivity in the case of aldonitrones, and represents an effective method for obtaining new indolyl- and pyrrolyl-substituted isoxazolidine carboxylates stabilized by weak (CH?O) and moderate (NH?N) strength intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The resulting cycloadducts exhibit promising in vitro anti-influenza activities.     

Transition metal-free direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources

A transition metal-free method for the direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources is reported, which was mediated by an inexpensive and environmentally friendly tetrabutylammonium iodide/tert-butyl hydroperoxide system and gave the 2-aminobenzoxazole derivatives with moderate to good yields.     

l-Proline-catalyzed five-component domino reaction leading to multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines

Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines are concisely synthesized in good yields via l-proline-catalyzed or l-proline/FeCl₃-cocatalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs). The MCRs involve a domino hydroamination/prins reaction/Mannich-type reaction/intramolecular dehydration-cyclization process. The molecular structure of 5baa, one of multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Studies of Photoionization of CF3 I by Femtosecond Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry

The multi-photon dissociative photoionization dynamics of CF3I has been studied with femtosecond two-color pump-probe time of flight mass spectra at a pump pulse of 265 nm and a probe pulse of 398 nm. The life constants of CF3I+ and its fragment ions CF3+ and I+ are obtained as (96±7), (198±130) and (167±6)fs, respectively. The multi-photon dynamics leading to these ions differ. CF3I+ corresponds to a (1+2′) transition with one-photon pump excitation to the A band of CF3I. CF3+ are mainly formed by a tow-photon probe excitation to the CF3+ with subsequent dissociation of parent ions. I+ are produced in (2+2′) combined with (1+1′+2′) process. The results provide information on the multi-photon pathways involved.