化学实验中的气体压强问题

压强是一个物理概念,化学实验中的喷泉实验、气密性检验、排液量气、倒吸实验等均与气体压强有关。对中学化学实验中的气压问题做了归纳与整合,并以相应的高考题例证。     

也谈压强对化学反应速度影响的实验

岳金辉同志在“压强对化学反应速度影响的实验”一文中,用简单的具支试管和注射器做二氧化硫与硫化氢反应的实验来说明压强对反应速度的影响,看后很受启发。     

对一个实验改进的商榷

《化学教育》1987年第3期第35页,介绍了张克梅同志的“也谈压强对化学反应速度影响的实验”一文。笔者读后,并经重复实验,认为文中的实验原理、实验现象和结论均存在某些问题,现将自己的看法提出来和有关同志商榷。一、关于实验原理原文中的实验原理是在等容、等温和参加反应的气体体积恒定的条件下,通过改变不参加反应的空气的体积而使体系压强改变的方法来说明压强改变对反应速度的影响的。     

用压强传感器展示压强对二氧化氮与四氧化二氮平衡体系的影响

利用自制木制固定器、注射器等设计实验装置,借助压强传感器展示压强对"2NO2?N2O4"平衡体系的影响,实验操作简单,直观地展现了平衡移动过程,对于学生学习化学平衡尤其是理解勒夏特列原理有很大的帮助。     

压强对化学平衡影响实验的改进

统编高中化学教材关于压强对化学平衡移动的影响,选取了在注射器中做N2O4和NO2混和气体的颜色随压强改变的实验.对于这个实验选择得是否合适,实验现象与教材所写是否相符,说法不少.但经过实践,我认为这个实验是可以说明问题的.实验现象是否与教材所说相符,关键在于是从注射器的顶面观察还是从侧面观察.     

3C-SiC的结构和热力学性质

利用第一性原理平面波模守恒赝势密度泛函理论研究了3C-SiC的结构, 其零温(0 K)零压下的晶格常数、体弹模量及其对压强的一阶导数、弹性常数的计算结果与实验值和其它理论计算结果相符合. 通过准谐德拜模型, 得到了不同温度不同压强下的热容和德拜温度, 发现热容随着压强增加而减小, 德拜温度随压强增加而增加, 并成功地获得了相对晶格常数、相对体积、体弹模量、热膨胀系数与温度和压强的关系.     

过氧化氢催化分解速率实验装置的改进

对过氧化氢分解速率实验装置进行了改进。在保持反应器体积不变的条件下,利用气压计测量反应过程中反应器内的气体压强以及压强随时间的变化的关系。通过对比,改进后的装置便于操作,灵敏度更高,且有较好的准确性。     

气体溶解性的演示实验

为了讲解温度、压强对气体溶解度的影响,我做了下面的实验,效果较好。     

智能手机在气体摩尔体积测定实验中的应用

利用真空保鲜盒作为测定气体摩尔体积实验的实验装置,并借助智能手机的气压传感器通过手机软件Phyphox来测定实验装置内的压强变化,以此来测定标况下气体摩尔体积。实验结果表明改进后的实验取得了良好的效果,并且改进后的方法更易于学生动手操作。     

关于“压强对化学平衡影响”实验的改进

压强对化学平衡影响实验,在刊物上已有不少文章提出了改进意见。但是还不够理想,本人做了多次实验对此提一点改进的意见和措施。     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.