物理化学理论课与实验课的融合教学模式探索

开展物理化学理论课与实验课相融合的教学。理论课教学过程中找准切入点融入实验原理,加深学生对知识的理解,调动学生的学习兴趣和求知欲,课堂气氛活跃,学生融入课堂并互动。实验课上引导学生学习实验设计思路与方法,提出严格的数据记录与处理要求,学生实验报告的逻辑性增强,可独立对实验结果进行讨论,能够正确分析实验误差可能的原因,对实验方案、方法和仪器可提出改进的意见和建议。通过理论课与实验课融合的教学模式可培养学生的逻辑思维能力和实践能力。该教学模式的实施需要学校和系部强有力的政策保障。     

α-Fe_2O_3液相合成及应用的研究型实验设计

结合前期的研究成果,设计了一个以α-Fe_2O_3的合成、表征及催化性能研究为主线的研究型实验,学生在教师的引导下查阅文献,设计实验方案,运用多种实验技术表征产品。学生通过对实验数据和表征结果的分析,确定各因素对实验结果的影响,从而优化实验方案,最后以科研论文的形式撰写实验报告,并且通过答辩进行讨论交流。该实验模式的实施有利于高素质人才的培养。     

"大组讨论、小组实验"化工专业实验的新思路——以甲醇制汽油实验为例

甲醇制汽油工艺参数比较多、实验时固定床反应器中催化剂的装载和反应后的冷却过程时间比较长,在化工综合实验有限的学时内,一组学生不可能将所有的实验参数摸索清楚。针对这种情况,设计了学生“大组集体讨论+小组实验+结果汇总”的实验模式。在保证学生掌握实验基本操作的基础上,得到整个工艺的完整数据,通过对数据的处理和分析,得到一个综合性较强的实验报告。通过实践,该实验模式激发了学生的实验兴趣,提升了实验效率,取得了良好的教学效果。     

贯穿论文式实验报告的综合能力培养教学实践

加强实验教学是培养学生科学素养和综合创新能力的重要途径。基于"两性一度"的课程教学要求,针对目前实验教学中撰写实验报告存在的问题,以物理化学实验课程为例,进行了教学改革与实践。采取贯穿科研论文式实验报告撰写各环节的科学素养和能力培养模式,该论文式实验报告有利于学生整体把握,提出问题、分析问题和总结,实验报告的各个部分与实际教学环节相统一,取得了满意的效果。充分发挥了教师主导和学生主体的协同优势,激发了学生学习的积极性和主观能动性,有利于培养德智体美劳全面发展的高素质人才。     

旋光度法测定蔗糖转化反应速率常数实验用旋光管的改进

用旋光度法测定蔗糖转化反应速率常数是最基本的物理化学实验之一。该实验中的旋光管操作比较麻烦,且易引入实验误差。本文对该实验使用的旋光管进行了改进。     

双相角结构不变量与Harker作图法在柯卡因卤化物结构相角计算中的联合应用

结合Hauptman的概率式与Harker作图法计算了不同条件下柯卡因卤化物的结构相角,分析了模拟的实验误差对相角精度的影响,为使用真实实验数据进行计算提供了参考依据。     

用计算器CASIO FX-702P评价学生的物理化学实验结果

学生的物理化学实验报告中有许多数据、图表和繁杂的计算,教师批改工作量很大。对于一些用作图法求得数据的实验报告,还要看学生所作曲线是否正确,很费时间。尤其是难以用一种统一的标准给每份报告评分。若能用一种统一的评价标准,不仅学生满意,而且能衡量不同方法的实验结果的好坏,有利于各学校间的交流和改进实验方法。我们用价格低廉的可编程序计算器CASIO FX-702P自编程序来评价学生的物理化学实验结果,既减     

让学生做无机及分析化学实验课堂的“主人”

以提高教学质量为目的,对无机及分析化学实验教学进行了改革与实践。通过反向演示和让学生讲课、批改实验报告、出考试题、总结实验体会、完成设计性实验等举措,使学生变被动为主动,既学到了知识又培养了能力。     

活性炭在醋酸水溶液中对醋酸的吸附实验条件探索

通过活性炭在醋酸水溶液中对醋酸的吸附实验 ,确定合适的醋酸水溶液浓度范围和振荡时间等实验条件 ,该实验条件随实验温度变化而不同。用SA310 0表面积分析仪测定活性炭的比表面积 ,并与该方法测定的活性炭比表面积数值进行比较 ,分析了该实验方法产生误差的原因     

物理化学实验教学的创新研究

选择物理化学实验教学中经典的热力学、电化学和表面化学实验进行教学创新研究.通过将实验对象生活化、实验操作视频化、实验教学案例化、实验过程自主化、实验报告论文化,对学生进行全面的科学训练,以提高学生的综合素质和创新能力.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。