Artificial neural network method for determining optical properties from double-integrating-spheres measurements

<正>Accurate measurement of the optical properties of biological tissue is very important for optical diagnosis and therapeutics.An artificial neural network(ANN)-based inverse reconstruction method is introduced to determine the optical properties of turbid media,which is based on the reflectance(R) and transmittance (T) of a thin sample measured by a double-integrating-spheres system.The accuracy and robustness of the method has been validated,and the results show that the root mean square errors(RMSEs) of the absorption coefficientμ_a and scattering coefficientμ'_s reconstruction are less than 0.01 cm~(-1) and 0.02 cm~(-1),respectively.The algorithm is not only very accurate in the case of a lower albedo(~0.33),but also very robust to the noise of R and T especially for theμ'_s reconstruction.     

Optical reconstruction of 3D images by use of pure-phase computer-generated holograms

A three-dimensional （3D） object reconstruction technique that uses pure-phase computer-generated holograms （CGHs） and a phase-only spatial light modulator （SLM） is proposed. The full parallax CGHs are generated by the point source method and the wave-oriented method without paraxial approximation. Different from conventional CGHs, the pure-phase information on the hologram plane is loaded on the SLM to reconstruct the 3D diffusive objects without considering the reference wave. This technique is more efficient in its utilization of the space-bandwidth product of the SLMs. Numerical simulations and experiments are performed, and the results show that our proposed method can reconstruct 3D diffusive objects successfully.     

Multilayer Au/TiO2Composite Films with Ultrafast Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties

We report on the ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity in multilayer Au/TiO2 composite films fabricated on quartz substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. The linear optical properties of the films are determined and optical absorption peaks due to surface plasmon resonance of Au particles are observed at about 590hm. The third-order optical nonlinearities of the films are investigated by z-scan method using a femtosecond laser （50 fs） at the wavelength of 800 nm. The sample showed fast nonlinear optical responses with nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index being -3.66 × 10^-10 m/W and -2.95 × 10^-17 m^2/W, respectively. The results also show that the nonlinear optical effects increase with the increasing Au concentration in the composite films.     

Nearfield acoustic holography in a moving medium based on particle velocity input using nonsingular propagator

Nearfield acoustic holography in a moving medium is a technique which is typically suitable for sound sources identification in a flow.In the process of sound field reconstruction,sound pressure is usually used as the input,but it may contain considerable background noise due to the interactions between microphones and flow moving at a high velocity.To avoid this problem,particle velocity is an alternative input,which can be obtained by using laser Doppler velocimetry in a non-intrusive way.However,there is a singular problem in the conventional propagator relating the particle velocity to the pressure,and it could lead to significant errors or even false results.In view of this,in this paper,nonsingular propagators are deduced to realize accurate reconstruction in both cases that the hologram is parallel to and perpendicular to the flow direction.The advantages of the proposed method are analyzed,and simulations are conducted to verify the validation.The results show that the method can overcome the singular problem effectively,and the reconstruction errors are at a low level for different flow velocities,frequencies,and signal-to-noise ratios.     

The basis of organic spintronics： Fabrication of organic spin valvesl

Organic spintronics focuses on utilizing the spin degree of freedom in organic materials because of the long spin relaxation time. The vertical organic spin valve （OSV） is a typical sample structure used to study the spin transport phe- nomena. However, the fabrication of high quality OSVs is difficult, which results in controversial experiment results and hence hinders the development of organic spintronics. In this work, we describe our recent study on the fabrication of typical vertical organic spin valves, Lao.67Sro.33MnO3 （LSMO）/Alq3/Co. The LSMO bottom electrodes are annealed to obtain an atomically smooth surface and improved magnetic properties. The top Co electrodes are deposited by an indirect deposition method to reduce the interfusion between Co and Alq3. The controlled fabrication process provides much better performance and sample yield of OSVs.     

The basis of organic spintronics：Fabrication of organic spin valves

Organic spintronics focuses on utilizing the spin degree of freedom in organic materials because of the long spin relaxation time. The vertical organic spin valve (OSV) is a typical sample structure used to study the spin transport phenomena. However, the fabrication of high quality OSVs is difficult, which results in controversial experiment results and hence hinders the development of organic spintronics. In this work, we describe our recent study on the fabrication of typical vertical organic spin valves, La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ (LSMO)/Alq₃/Co. The LSMO bottom electrodes are annealed to obtain an atomically smooth surface and improved magnetic properties. The top Co electrodes are deposited by an indirect deposition method to reduce the interfusion between Co and Alq3. The controlled fabrication process provides much better performance and sample yield of OSVs.     

Tunable negative-index photonic crystals using colloidal magnetic fluids

The model of using colloidal magnetic fluid to build tunable negative-index photonic crystal is established. The effective permittivity εe and permeability μe of the two-dimensional photonic crystal are investigated in detail. For transverse magnetic polarization, both εe and μe exhibit a Lorentz-type anomalous dispersion, leading to a region where εe and μe are simultaneously negative. Then, considering a practical case, in which the thickness of photonic crystal is finite, the band structures for odd modes are calculated by the plane wave expansion method and the finite-difference time-domain method. The results suggest that reducing the external magnetic field strength or slab thickness will weaken the periodic modulation strength of the photonic crystal. Simulation results prove that the negative-index can be tuned by varying the external magnetic field strength or the slab thickness. The work presented in this paper gives a guideline for realizing the flat photonic crystal lens with tunable properties at optical frequencies, which may have potential applications in tunable near-field imaging systems.     

Rigorous supermode solutions in a strong absorption slab waveguide and application to design of a waveguide photodetector

A rigorous supermode solution method in a strong absorption slab multilayer waveguide is performed.The method is directed toward finding solutions for a sophisticated complex determinant in a complex plane.The rigorous results are applied to design a waveguide photodetector that has a configuration of a vertical directional coupler.Absorption lengths of the supermodes and coupling length of the coupler are calculated based on an effective index approach by using the rigorous results of the strong absorption slab multilayer waveguide to optimize the directional coupling waveguide photodetector.     

Transverse Zeeman background correction method for air mercury measurement

By utilizing a natural mercury lamp, the transverse Zeeman background correction method, which is used for trace mercury measurement in air, is studied. In this paper, a natural mercury lamp is used as a light source, and is placed in a 1.78-T magnetic field. The lamp emits two linearly polarized light beams σ± and π of 253.65-nm resonance line, which are used as bias light and absorbing light, respectively. A polarization modulation system is used to allow σ± and π light beams to pass through alternately with a certain frequency. A multipath optical cell with 12-m optical path is used to increase optical distance. Based on the system described above, the influence caused by UV absorbing gases, such as NO2, SO2, acetone, benzene, and O3, is analyzed. The results show that it may reduce the detection limit when the concentrations of these gases exceed 83.4 ppm, 20.3 ppm, 142.3 ppm, 0.85 ppm, and 0.55 ppm, respectively. The detection limit of the system is calculated and can achieve up to 1.44 ng/m3 in 10 minutes. Measurements on mercury sample gas and air are carded out, and the measured data are compared with the data of RA-915 mercury analyzer （Russia）. The result shows that the correlation coefficient reaches up to 0.967. The experimental results indicate that the transverse Zeeman background correction method can be used to quantify trace mercury in air with high-precision.     

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Sb-doped GeSe_2 thin films

Sb-doped Ge Se2 chalcogenide thin films are prepared by the magnetron co-sputtering method.The linear optical properties of as-deposited films are derived by analyzing transmission spectra.The refractive index rises and the optical band gap decreases from 2.08 e V to 1.41 e V with increasing the Sb content.X-ray photoelectron spectra further confirm the formation of a covalent Sb–Se bond.The third-order nonlinear optical properties of thin films are investigated under femtosecond laser excitation at 800 nm.The results show that the third-order nonlinear optical properties are enhanced with increasing the concentration of Sb.The nonlinear refraction indices of these thin films are measured to be on the order of 10-18m2/W with a positive sign and the nonlinear absorption coefficients are obtained to be on the order of 10-10m/W.These excellent properties indicate that Sb-doped Ge–Se films have a good prospect in the applications of nonlinear optical devices.     

Reconstruction and prediction of coherent acoustic field with the combined wave superposition approach

The routine wave superposition approach cannot be used in reconstruction and prediction of a coherent acoustic field, because it is impossible to separate the pressures generated by individual sources. According to the superposition theory of the coherent acoustic field , a novel method based on the combined wave superposition approach is developed to reconstruct and predict the coherent acoustic field by building the combined pressure matching matrixes between the hologram surfaces and the sources. The method can reconstruct the acoustic information on surfaces of the individual sources, and it is possible to predict the acoustic field radiated from every source and the total coherent acoustic field can also be calculated spontaneously. The experimental and numerical simulation results show that this method can effectively solve the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the coherent acoustic field and it can also be used as a coherent acoustic field separation technique. The study on this novel method extends the application scope of the acoustic holography technique.     

First-principles study of the optical properties of defect electronic structure and chalcopyrite CdGa2Te4

<正>The electronic and optical properties of the defect chalcopyrite CdGa₂Te₄ compound are studied based on the first-principles calculations.The band structure and density of states are calculated to discuss the electronic properties and orbital hybridized properties of the compound.The optical properties,including complex dielectric function,absorption coefficient,refractive index,reflectivity,and loss function,and the origin of spectral peaks are analysed based on the electronic structures.The presented results exhibit isotropic behaviours in a low and a high energy range and an anisotropic behaviour in an intermediate energy range.     

Quantum-mechanical analysis of pulse reconstruction for a narrow bandwidth attosecond x-ray pulse

The photoelectron energy spectra (PESs) excited by narrow bandwidth attosecond x-ray pulses in the presence of a few-cycle laser are quantum-mechanically calculated. Transfer equations are used to reconstruct the detailed temporal structure of an attosecond x-ray pulse directly from a measured PES. Theoretical analysis shows that the temporal uncertainties of the pulse reconstruction depend on the x-ray bandwidth. The procedure of pulse reconstruction is direct and simple without making any previous pulse assumption, data fitting analysis and time-resolved measurement of PESs. The temporal measurement range is half of a laser optical cycle.     

A novel method of rapidly modeling optical properties of actual photonic crystal fibres

<正>The flexible structure of photonic crystal fibre not only offers novel optical properties but also brings some difficulties in keeping the fibre structure in the fabrication process which inevitably cause the optical properties of the resulting fibre to deviate from the designed properties.Therefore,a method of evaluating the optical properties of the actual fibre is necessary for the purpose of application.Up to now,the methods employed to measure the properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre often require long fibre samples or complex expensive equipments.To our knowledge, there are few studies of modeling an actual photonic crystal fibre and evaluating its properties rapidly.In this paper,a novel method,based on the combination model of digital image processing and the finite element method,is proposed to rapidly model the optical properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre.Two kinds of photonic crystal fibres made by Crystal Fiber A/S are modeled.It is confirmed from numerical results that the proposed method is simple,rapid and accurate for evaluating the optical properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre without requiring complex equipment.     

Nonlinear optical and magneto-optical effects in non-spherical magnetic granular composite

The magnetization-induced nonlinear optical and nonlinear magneto-optical properties in a magnetic metal-insulator composite are studied based on a tensor effective medium approximation with shape factor and Taylor-expansion method. There is a weakly nonlinear relation between electric displacement D and electric field E in the composite. The results of our studies on the effective dielectric tensor and the nonlinear susceptibility tensor in a magnetic nanocomposite are surveyed. It is shown that such a metal-insulator composite exhibits the enhancements of optical and magneto-optical nonlinearity. The frequencies at which the enhancements occur, and the amplitude of the enhancement factors depend on the concentration and shape of the magnetic grains.     

Parametric optimization method for the design of high-efficiency free-form illumination system with a LED source

A parametric optimization method is proposed in the design of a high-efficiency free-form illumination system.The proposed method is intended to provide rectangular uniform illumination with a light emitting diode(LED) source.An initial illumination system is first constructed and parameterized.The parameters of the initial system are optimized according to actual simulation results,and one design sample is presented.A liquid crystal on silicon(LCoS) micro-projector test module is fabricated and tested based on the design sample.Compared with the conventional micro-projectors using rotational symmetry devices,the micro-projector system designed with the parametric optimization method can send 1.65 times the source power to the LCoS active area with a 4:3 target ratio,and the uniformity reaches 98%.     

Large Positive and Negative Lateral Shifts from an Anisotropic Metamaterial Slab Backed by a Metal

The lateral shift of a light beam at the surface of an anisotropie metamaterial （AMM） slab backed by a metal is investigated. Analytical expressions of the lateral shifts are derived using the stationary-phase method, in the case that total reflection does and does not occur at the first interface. The sign of the lateral shift in two situations is discussed, and the necessary conditions for the lateral shift to be positive or negative are given. It is shown that the thickness and physical parameters of the AMM slab and the incident angle of the light beam strongly affect the properties of the lateral shift. Numerical results validate these conclusions. The lossy effect of the metamaterial on the lateral shift is also investigated.     

Effects of Annealing on Microstructure and Optical Properties of TiO2 Sculptured Thin Films

The evolution of microstructure and optical properties of TiO2 sculptured thin films under thermal annealing is reported. XRD, field emission SEM, UV-Vis-NIR spectra are employed to characterize the microstructural and optical properties. It is found that the optimum annealing temperature for linear birefringence is 500℃. The maximum of transmission difference for linear birefringence is up to 18%, which is more than twice of that in as-deposited thin films. In addition, the sample annealed at 500℃ has a minimum of column angle about 12℃. The competitive process between the microstructural and optical properties is discussed in detail. Post-annealing is a useful method to improve the linear birefringence in sculptured thin films for practical applications.     

Track reconstruction using the TSF method for the BESⅢ main drift chamber

We describe the algorithm to reconstruct the charged tracks for BESⅢ main drift chamber at BEPCⅡ, including the track finding and fitting. With a new method of the Track Segment Finder (TSF), the results of present study indicate that the algorithm can reconstruct the charged tracks over a wide range of momentum with high efficiency, while improving the robustness against the background noise in the drift chamber. The overall performances, including spatial resolution, momentum resolution and secondary vertices reconstruction efficiency, etc. satisfy the requirements of BESⅢ experiment.     

Thickness Determination for a Two-Layered Composite of a Film and a Plate by Low-Frequency Ultrasound

We present an ultrasonic method for determining the thickness of a composite consisting of a soft thin film attached to a hard plate substrate, by resonance spectra in the low frequency region, The interrogating waves can be incident only to the two-layered composite from the substrate side. The reflection spectra are obtained by FFT analysis of the compressive pulsed echoes from the composite, and the thicknesses of the film and the substrate are simultaneously inversed by the simulated annealing method from the resonant frequencies knowing other acoustical parameters in prior. The sensitivity of the method to individual thickness, its convergence and stability against experimental noises are studied, Experiment with interrogating wavelength 4 times larger than the film thickness in a sample of a polymer film （0.054mm） on an aluminium plate （6.24mm） verifies the validity of the method. The average relative errors in the measurement of the thicknesses of the film and the substrate are found to be -4.1% and -0.62%, respectively.