稀土对WC颗粒增强铁基体复合涂层组织结构的影响

采用氩弧熔覆技术在45号钢表面制备一层稀土WC颗粒增强铁基体耐磨复合涂层。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)等测试分析手段研究了稀土的引入对复合涂层中基体组织及碳化物的影响,并与未加稀土进行了比较。结果表明:引入稀土后,一方面优化了熔覆层组织中碳化物颗粒分布,降低了熔覆层组织中碳化物颗粒的团聚、桥接,且颗粒分布均匀;另一方面改善了熔覆层的组织,细化晶粒,减弱了熔覆过程中产生的树状晶,抑制了WC颗粒的溶解和鱼骨状碳化物的生成。在熔覆层组织中碳化物颗粒相主要有三种存在形式:原始未熔WC颗粒、与基体形成的复式碳化物及在凝固过程中重新结晶的W2C(或WC)。     

稀土对高碳铬铸钢性能的影响

研究了稀土元素及其添加量对高碳铬铸钢力学性能和耐磨性的影响,结果表明,稀土能改善高碳铬铸钢中碳化物的形态分布,提高其综合性能,尤其稀土与热处理共同作用时,效果更显著,当试样经0．25％稀土变质处理后再经960度保温3h正火处理,其性能最佳。     

稀土在熔盐被覆铬碳化物中的作用研究

研究了熔盐被覆铬碳化物的工艺过程，着重探讨了稀土对Ｔ１２Ａ钢熔盐渗铬的催渗及微合金化作用机理。结果表明，在加入稀土的熔盐中渗中提高渗速３０％－５６％，同时还能提高工件表面的抗氧化和耐腐蚀性能以及工件的使用寿命。     

含镧Fe-B激光熔覆层的摩擦学性能研究

为研究稀土对Fe—B激光熔覆层摩擦学性能的影响，采用自配Fe，B4C，硅铁稀土混合粉末在45^#钢基体上进行激光熔覆实验，并在HQ-1摩擦磨损实验机上对不同稀土含量的熔覆层进行摩擦磨损实验。结果表明：含适量稀土熔覆层的耐磨性得到很大提高，在本实验条件下，硅铁稀土加入量最佳值为4％～5％，此时熔覆层耐磨性提高25．8％，当硅铁稀土加入量过多时，熔覆层耐磨性反而降低，甚至低于不加稀土时的耐磨性。通过对磨斑表面硼元素(1s电子轨道)的XPS图谱分析表明，熔覆层中铁与硼主要以Fe2B相存在。磨损表面部分镧元素被氧化，生成La2O3。     

稀土对高铬铸铁碳化物形态及相变动力学的影响

研究了稀土元素对高铬铸铁中碳化物的影响，并对加稀土、不加稀土的高铬铸铁试样的连续冷却转变（ＣＣＴ）曲线进行了测定。结果表明，稀土元素能破碎高铬铸铁中的碳化物，使碳化物由网状、长条状向岛状、块状过渡。同时，稀土元素提高了高铬铸铁的固态相变温度并缩短了贝氏体的孕育期。     

稀土对白口铸铁中碳化物形貌及冲击疲劳的影响

利用高温度梯度的区熔定向凝固装置和冲击疲劳试验机，研究了稀土元素对低铬白口铸铁中碳化物形貌及冲击疲劳性能的影响。实验结果表明，稀土元素对Ｍ３Ｃ型碳化物有很强的变质作用，它可使板状炭化转变成板条状和杆状。稀土元素含量愈高，转变量愈多。稀土变质处理可有效地提高低铬白口铸铁的冲击疲劳抗力，降低裂纹扩展速率，推迟裂纹产生的时间。随稀土含量增加，冲击疲劳抗力大幅度增加，裂纹扩展速率成倍下降。     

稀土对高碳钢焊缝中碳化物的变质作用

研究了Ｎｂ、Ｔｉ、Ｚｒ、Ｖ强化的高碳焊缝中轻稀土（Ｌａ、Ｃｅ）对碳化物的变质作用。结果表明，稀土强烈影响碳化物的数量、形态和分布。具有高能表面的稀土化合物质点，在焊接冶金过程中领先析出于过热液相内，充当了包裹式碳化物颗粒的非自发晶核核心。稀土化合物核心的存在，形成了同核心的多维析出机制，诱发碳化物早期大量析出并使之弥散和团球化     

La2O3对铁基合金激光熔覆层耐蚀性能的影响

通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察和X射线衍射(XRD)分析, 研究了不同稀土加入量对铁基合金激光熔覆层组织形貌、相组成的影响; 通过极化曲线和交流阻抗谱(EIS)的测量, 研究了熔覆层的电化学性能. 结果表明, 加入稀土细化了熔覆层的晶粒, 使组织趋向均匀; 同时降低了材料的极化电位, 减小了极化电流密度, 降低了熔覆层在腐蚀性介质中的溶解速度, 随着稀土加入量的增加, EIS曲线低频区感抗弧逐渐减小, 容抗弧逐渐增大, 增强了熔覆层表面在交变电流下形成钝化膜的能力. 腐蚀失重实验结果表明, 加入稀土改善了熔覆层表面钝化膜的抗剥落能力, 不同程度上减轻了材料的腐蚀失重, 提高了熔覆层的耐腐蚀能力.     

稀土元素对低铬半钢热疲劳性能的影响

研究了稀土元素对低铬半钢铸态及经热处理后组织中的共晶碳化物形状的影响，在此基础上着重研究了该材料的热疲劳性能。结果表明：稀土元素能改善共晶碳化物的形状，抑制热疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展，提高其热疲劳性能，尤其稀土变质后再经热处理后效果更明显。当试样经0.20%（质量分数）稀土变质后经950℃，3h正火处理时，热疲劳性能最佳。     

稀土对20Mn钢等温相变及组织形态的影响

研究了不同稀土含量对20Mn钢等温相变及组织形态的影响。随钢中稀土含量的增加,先共析铁素体析出的孕育期缩短,完成珠光体相变所需时间延长;针状铁素体量减少直至消失;珠光体片间距变密且相对转变量减少;粒状贝氏体中碳化物易于偏聚。稀土减小原奥氏体晶界能和相界面能,稀土原子偏聚在相界面上阻碍碳原子的扩散,以及可能形成高熔点稀土碳化物而减少奥氏体中碳的固溶量,是产生上述结果的主要原因。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。