“厚基础、强能力、重探究”教学模式的探索与实践

传统的化学实验教学,特别是基础实验阶段,大多采用"听老师讲、照书本做"的模式,忽略了对学生自主学习能力和探究能力的培养。为提高学生的积极性,培养学生的创新能力,提升课程的教学质量,在基础化学实验中探索并实践了"厚基础、强能力、重探究"的新型三阶段教学模式,即巩固基本操作、强化综合技能、突出自主探究。经过近五年的实施,取得了较好的教学效果。     

高分子化学实验教学中的自主科研创新引导——以“水凝胶的制备与性能研究”为例

在创新型人才的培养中,需要着力提升学生的探索精神、批判思维和实践能力,如何激发学生的科研志趣、提高创新能力是专业基础实验课程面临的挑战。高分子化学实验作为一门专业实验必修课,更应适应时代发展潮流与人才培养趋势,课程在夯实基础实验内容和基本原理的前提下,以更具吸引力的前沿性、应用性的实验背景为引导,通过内容编排,增加"自主研究"的教学模式,给予学生更加广阔的自由发挥空间,培养学生的创新能力和科研素养。经过多年的教学实践,我们以"水凝胶的制备与性能研究"为试点项目,进行了自主探索型立体式高分子化学实验课程体系的建设探索,将经典的溶液聚合实验,拓展为4个有应用背景的"科研工作坊",均取得了非常好的教学效果。我们相信,这种自主研究的实验教学方式,以及立足于培养学生创新能力的实验教学思路,将是未来高分子化学实验课程坚持并不断探索的方向。     

研究性与系统性相结合的有机合成实验教学实践

为了培养学生的创新能力和实践能力,使学生较全面地掌握有机合成实验理论知识和实验技能,开展了有机合成实验研究性和系统性结合的教学探索和实践。在课程建设和教学过程中,贯彻以学生为主体的教学改革思路与方法。从教学内容和模式、授课方式、考核方式等多个教学环节进行探索研究,科教融合,结合实际课堂教学,倡导启发式教学方法。研究型教学模式的实施有效地调动了学生自主研究性学习的积极性,有利于提高学生的综合实践能力,促进实验教学与科学研究的衔接。     

化学实验是研究性学习的重要途径

化学研究性学习应以课堂教学为主阵地,在中学化学教学中,充分利用化学学科"以实验为基础"的基本特征,挖掘和开发化学实验在研究性学习中的功能,对于改变学生的学习方法,形成终身学习的能力,培养科学探究能力具有重要的意义。对化学课堂中如何利用实验教学开展研究性学习从几个方面进行了探讨。     

在医用化学验证性实验教学中培养学生探究性能力的探讨

通过改革实验教学探讨了在验证性实验教学中培养学生探索性和研究性能力的方法。实践证明,改革实验教材增加综合性实验内容、让学生参加实验前准备、在实验中设置“障碍”、开展即时实验技能竞赛是提高学生实验能力培养学生科研意识和创新能力的有效途径。     

理论与实验相结合，培养化学创新人才——以气相色谱法分析醇系物实验为例

基础化学实验教学中,学生易由于对相关化学原理理解不足等原因处于被动学习状态,影响实验教学效果。理论化学研究可以直观形象地给出基础化学原理中涉及但无法直接观测的物质之间的相互作用,物质内部电子的运动规律,光、电与分子或分子中电子的相互作用等微观尺度的信息,将抽象的原理和理论教学内容形象化,加深学生对基础化学原理的理解。本文以气相色谱法分析醇系物实验为例,介绍团队将简单理论化学计算融入到基础化学实验教学中,为提高教学质量、实施创新人才培养而采取的举措和实施效果。学生在完成传统实验内容的同时,利用密度泛函理论研究醇系物与吸附材料的相互作用,并完成对计算结果和实验数据的分析和讨论等研究性任务。学情分析表明,该尝试有效地激发了学生学习基础化学理论的热情,加深了他们对化学理论的理解,也培养了学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,提高了实验教学效果,为拔尖创新人才的培养保驾护航。     

Teaching System Construction of Polymer Chemistry Experiment and its Function on Training Creative Applying Talents

高分子化学是材料化学专业重要的技术基础课,是一门以实验为基础的学科,因此,高分子化学实验是高分子科研和高分子教学的重要组成部分,是学生在掌握高分子化学的基础上,学习高分子合成的各种实验技术、聚合实施方法,培养学生进行高分子材料研究和技术开发的基本能力。从市场就业对高分子材料方向的人才需求出发,以培养创新性应用型人才为目标,通过开展实验技术讲座、改进基础性实验为综合性实验和设计性实验、增加研究性实验对高分子化学实验教学体系进行了改革,实验内容体现材料的应用性和工程价值,培养了学生的创新能力、工程实践能力。     

高分子化学与物理实验教学探索与实践

根据东北大学应用化学专业特点,本文对高分子化学与物理实验教学的内容、方法及模式进行了全面的改革和深化。近年来,通过实践"巩固基础,加强综合性、设计性及研究性实验,开展趣味性实验,推广微型化实验,改革实验教学方法及完善实验考核方式"的改革模式表明:这对培养学生的实验动手能力、创新能力、科研能力及节能减排与环保意识等是十分必要的,同时也有利于激发学生的进取心和创造欲望,拓宽学生的思路,及提高学生的实验兴趣、主观能动性以与发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的应用能力。     

综合性化学实验设计:氨基修饰的UiO-66(Zr)的制备、表征及光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的性能测试*

介绍了一个综合化学实验--氨基修饰的UiO-66(Zr)的制备、表征及光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的性能测试。实验内容涉及有机合成、溶剂热合成、仪器分析、化学分析和化学动力学等。实验涵盖了四大基础化学实验,实现了基础化学实验内容的融会贯通,引导学生深入探索化学学科的内在联系,为后续研究性实验和科研创新实验打下坚实基础。同时,将光催化等先进技术引入实验教学,激发了学生学习化学知识的兴趣和独立思考、探索创新的意识,有利于创新型化学人才的培养。     

应用化学专业实验教学改革与学生科研能力培养的探索

对应用化学专业实验教学改革以及学生科研能力培养进行了探索, 结果表明, 通过改变教学观念、精选实验内容、采用自主学习教学模式、引入教师科研成果、构建综合实验平台, 可以有效提高学生的创新能力和科研能力。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.