HO3、HO+3、HO-3光谱和结构的MP2和DFT理论研究

用B3LYP和MP2量子化学理论,详细地计算了HO3、HO+3、HO-3可能的平衡构型、能量和光谱参数,分析了它们可能的解离通道和稳定性.还分析了HO3的电离势(IE)及电子亲和势(Ea),讨论了HO3、HO3-自由基的光电子能谱的特征,及用光电子能谱去探测HO3的可能性.     

·OH自由基引发CH3SSCH3•+自由基裂解反应机理的理论研究

采用UωB97X-D/6-311+G^**方法, 研究了气相、 甲苯和水中OH自由基(·OH)引发CH₃SSCH₃自由基阳离子(CH₃SSC{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{?}⁺, DMDS^?+)裂解的反应机理, 并讨论了溶剂效应对反应的影响. 结果表明, ·OH和DMDS^·+首先形成自由基耦合产物CH₃S(OH)SCH₃⁺(R1)和氢提取产物复合物[CH₂=SSCH₃+H₂O]⁺(R2); 随后R1裂解直接发生 S—S键断裂协同质子转移, 而R2裂解依次发生构象变化、 C=S键亲碳加成和S—S键断裂协同质子转移. 去质子化的裂解产物为CH₃SOH, CH₂=S和HSCH₂OH. 甲苯略微降低了裂解反应速控步骤的自由能垒. 水溶剂有利于R1裂解, 但不利于R2裂解, 尤其是单个水分子参与反应. 在气相、 甲苯和水中, 以·OH和DMDS^·+为初始反应物, 虽然速控步骤的自由能垒为167.6~202.8 kJ/mol, 但裂解反应均是放热反应(?154.3~?31.4 kJ/mol).     

Criegee中间体CH_3CHOO与OH自由基反应机理的理论研究

采用CCSD(T)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)方法研究了Criegee中间体CH_3CHOO与OH自由基反应的微观机理.结果表明,上述反应存在抽氢、加成-分解和氧化3类反应通道,其中,syn-CH3CHOO+OH以抽β-H为优势通道,表观活化能为-4.88 k J/mol;anti-CH_3CHOO+OH则以加成-分解反应为优势通道,表观活化能为-13.25 k J/mol.在加成-分解和氧化反应通道中,anti-构象的能垒均低于syn-构象,而抽氢反应则是syn-(β-H)的能垒低于anti-构象.速率常数计算表明,anti-构象的加成-分解反应通道具有显著的负温度效应;syn-和anti-构象的氧化通道具有显著的正温度效应.3类反应具有显著不同的温度效应,说明通过改变温度可显著调节3类反应的相对速率.     

·OH自由基与CH3CN反应机理及动力学

在CBS-QB3水平上研究了CH3CN 和·OH反应的势能面, 其中包括两个中间体和9个反应过渡态. 分别给出了各主要物质的稳定构型、相对能量及各反应路径的能垒. 根据计算的CBS-QB3势能面, 探讨了CH3CN+·OH反应机理. 计算结果表明, 生成产物P1(·CH2CN+H2O)的反应路径在整个反应体系中占主要地位. 运用过渡态理论对产物通道P1(·CH2CN+H2O)的速率常数k1(cm3·molecule-1·s-1)进行了计算. 预测了k1(cm3·molecule-1·s-1)在250-3000 K温度范围内的速率常数表达式为k1(250-3000 K)=2.06×10^-20T^3.045exp(-780.00/T). 通过与已有的实验值进行对比得出, 在实验所测定的250-320 K 范围内, 计算得到的k1的数值与已有的实验值比较吻合. 由初始反应物生成产物P1 (·CH2CN+H2O)只需要克服一个14.2 kJ·mol-1的能垒. 而产物·CH2CN+H2O生成后要重新回到初始反应物CH3CN+·OH, 则需要克服一个高达111.2 kJ·mol-1的能垒,这就表明一旦产物P1生成后就很难再回到初始反应物.     

(CH3)3C+NO2反应机理的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函方法,在B3LYP/6-31G*水平下研究了叔丁基自由基(CH3)3C和NO2气体的反应机理.研究表明,该反应是在单、三态势能面上的多通道反应.不同反应通道的产物不同,单态下反应更容易发生.常温下对于一个敞开体系(例如在大气当中),(CH3)3C自由基和NO2作用主要生成比较稳定的化合物(CH3)3CONO和(CH3)3CNO2.这对于消除大气污染起到一定的作用.     

2-羟基-1-氧基乙烯自由基(C2H3O2)的分子内质子转移反应的理论研究

用量子化学从头计算方法研究了2-羟基-1-氧基乙烯自由基的质子转移反应。首先, 在UHF/3-21G的水平上, 采用能量梯度法优化了反应物和过渡态的几何构型, 然后利用这两个优化的构型做了振动分析, 找出相应的振动频率和模式, 从而得到质子转移反应的活化熵值。此外, 又做了内禀反应坐标途径(IRC)。为了求得比较准确的反应势能剖面, 以便进行隧道效应校正, 用多体微扰法(二级微扰)同时在参加转移的氢原子上附加了扩散函数p(UMP_2/3-21G~+)在IRC的各点上进行能量校正。根据从以上计算结果拟合的抛物线势, 求出质子转移的隧道效应校正系数为19.9, 然后由过渡状态理论计算了此反应的比速常数为7.4×10~(11)s~(-1)。此外, 还得到了该自由基的分子内氢键键能和键长分别为19.2 kJ mol~(-1)和0.2057 nm(UMP_2/3-21G~+结果)。     

C3H+与N反应的理论研究

用密度泛函方法在QCISD(T)／6—311 G^**//B3LYP／6—311G^*水平上研究了气相反应C3H^ N的反应机理．得到了不同能量产物的可能的反应通道，获得反应势能面．整个反应为多通道反应，经过多个步骤完成，共找到9个中间体和11个过渡态，产物C3H^ N(P2)为能量较低的产物，通道3：IM5→TS4→IM6→TS5→IM7→TS7→IM8→P2为较为可行的反应通道．     

G3B3和CBS-QB3在化学键裂解能计算中的相关研究

The performance of the newly developed G3B3 and CBS-QB3 methods in calculating absolute bond dissociation energy (BDE) was assessed. It was found that these two methods could predict the BDE with an accuracy of about 8.4 kJ/mol and therefore, they exlfibited similar performance as the standard G3 and CBS-Q methods. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the B3LYP method significantly underestimated the absolute BDE by 16.7—20.9 kJ/mol. This finding was valuable and timely because many researchers could use this relatively cheap method in studying radical reactions. Finally, 38 compounds were showed for which the theoretical BDE seriously deviated from the experimental data.     

典型无机含氧酸自由基的特性

碳酸自由基、硝酸自由基、磷酸自由基和硫酸自由基是化学反应的重要中间体，都具有氧化性，对污染物在自然和人为环境中的迁移转化会产生重要的影响.文中较为详细地介绍这几种自由基的电极电位、产生方式、检测方法及与有机物的反应方式.总结四种自由基的特性及与有机物的反应方式可发现，四种自由基和羟自由基电极电位不同，导致它们和有机物反应速率的不同；碳酸自由基并不是羟自由基去除剂，对于一些容易被氧化的化合物，碳酸自由基氧化效果比羟自由基好；四种自由基均可由羟自由基转化而来，并且这四种自由基和羟自由基与有机物反应方式基本一致，都通过电子转移、夺氢和加成的方式进行.可以预测四种自由基和羟自由基降解有机物的机理将非常相似，今后应研究四种自由基与羟自由基相互转化的规律，以及与代表性有机物的反应机理.     

CH自由基和NO2反应研究Ⅰ.反应的热力学计算

探讨了CH自由基与NO2反应的可能路径,通过计算确定了反应物,产物和稳定中间体的电子状态和平衡构型,并运用Gaussian-3方法和MRCISD方法对可能的反应路径进行了热力学计算.在多数情况下与实验值符合较好.对于个别与理论计算差别较大的实验值进行了评述.     

三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论对三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应产生C3H5O和C1F2自由基的机理进行了研究。在B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)水平优化了12个不同反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物) 的几何构型,并计算了它们的振动频率和零点振动能。采用CCSD(T)/6-31+ G(d,p) // B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)单点能计算方法求得各物种的能量,并作了零点能校正。计算结果表明,三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应可经过不同的反应路径引发C3H5O自由基和C1F2自由基,其中,三氟化氯呈对称的F原子与环氧丙烷的C(1)上与CH3在同一侧的上的H原子结合的活化能最低,仅为16.81 kJ/mol。     

乙炔基自由基C2H与氧气反应的密度泛函理论研究

应用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论(DFT)对C₂H自由基和O₂的反应进行了研究.在B3LYP/6-311G^**水平上优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型,并计算出它们的振动频率和零点振动能(ZPVE).各物种的总能量由CCSD(T)/6-311G^**//B3LYP/6-311G^**给出,并对能量进行了零点能校正.计算结果表明,反应物中自由基C₂H中的边端C进攻O₂形成了中间体1 (HCCOO),中间体1是一个加合产物.由中间体1经过不同的反应通道可以生成不同的产物P₁ (HCO+CO), P₂ (HCCO+O), P₃(CO₂+CH), P₄ (C₂O+OH)和P₅ (2CO+H).反应通道之间存在着竞争机制.其中P₁, P₂是主要产物,其次还有一定比例的P5生成,而产物P₃, P₄的生成几率较低.各条反应通道化学反应热的计算与实验吻合较好.     

CH3CH2+O(3P)反应机理的理论研究

The reaction for CH3CH2+O(3P) was studied by ab initio method. The geometries of the reactants, intermediates, transition states and products were optimized at MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level. The corresponding vibration frequencies were calculated at the same level. The single-point calculations for all the stationary points were carried out at the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) level using the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) optimized geometries. The results of the theoretical study indicate that the major products are the CH2O＋CH3, CH3CHO+H and CH2CH2+OH in the reaction. For the products CH2O＋CH3 and CH3CHO+H, the major production channels are A1: (R)→IM1→TS3→(A) and B1: (R)→IM1→TS4→(B), respectively. The majority of the products CH2CH2+OH are formed via the direct abstraction channels C1 and C2: (R)→TS1(TS2)→(C). In addition, the results suggest that the barrier heights to form the CO reaction channels are very high, so the CO is not a major product in the reaction.     

RRKM理论研究N(4S)+CH2X(X=F,Cl)的反应通道

采用RRKM理论和疏松过渡态模型计算了N(4S)+CH2X(X=F,Cl)反应的微正则速率常数和通道分支比.计算结果表明,在较低的内能下(E=280.29 kJ/mol), N(4S)+CH2F的主要产物为NCHF+H,占总产物的59.2%,次要产物为H2CN+F,占37.4%.而N(4S)+CH2Cl反应在E＝267.78 kJ/mol时,主要产物是H2CN+Cl,占90.3%, NCHCl+H只占9.0%.在内能较高的时候(取E=500.00 kJ/mol), N(4S)+CH2F的主要通道并未变化,而N(4S)+CH2Cl的主要通道变为NCHCl+H,比例为51.5%, H2CN+Cl的比例降到40.4%.     

亚甲基自由基(3CH2)与SO反应机理的理论研究

白洪涛,黄旭日,于广涛,李吉来,于健康,孙家钟. 亚甲基自由基(3CH2)与SO反应机理的理论研究[J]. 化学学报, 2006, 64(2): 139-144.     

Bond dissociation energies and radical stabilization energies associated with model peptide-backbone radicals

Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and radical stabilization energies (RSEs) have been calculated for a series of models that represent a glycine-containing peptide-backbone. High-level methods that have been used include W1, CBS-QB3, U-CBS-QB3, and G3X(MP2)-RAD. Simpler methods used include MP2, B3-LYP, BMK, and MPWB1K in association with the 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set. We find that the high-level methods produce BDEs and RSEs that are in good agreement with one another. Of the simpler methods, RBMK and RMPWB1K achieve good accuracy for BDEs and RSEs for all the species that were examined. For monosubstituted carbon-centered radicals, we find that the stabilizing effect (as measured by RSEs) of carbonyl substituents (CX=O) ranges from 24.7 to 36.9 kJ mol(-1), with the largest stabilization occurring for the CH=O group. Amino groups (NHY) also stabilize a monosubstituted alpha-carbon radical, with the calculated RSEs ranging from 44.5 to 49.5 kJ mol(-1), the largest stabilization occurring for the NH2 group. In combination, NHY and CX=O substituents on a disubstituted carbon-centered radical produce a large stabilizing effect ranging from 82.0 to 125.8 kJ mol(-1). This translates to a captodative (synergistic) stabilization of 12.8 to 39.4 kJ mol(-1). For monosubstituted nitrogen-centered radicals, we find that the stabilizing effect of methyl and related (CH2Z) substituents ranges from 25.9 to 31.7 kJ mol(-1), the largest stabilization occurring for the CH3 group. Carbonyl substituents (CX=O) destabilize a nitrogen-centered radical relative to the corresponding closed-shell molecule, with the calculated RSEs ranging from -30.8 to -22.3 kJ mol(-1), the largest destabilization occurring for the CH=O group. In combination, CH2Z and CX=O substituents at a nitrogen radical center produce a destabilizing effect ranging from -19.0 to -0.2 kJ mol(-1). This translates to an additional destabilization associated with disubstitution of -18.6 to -7.8 kJ mol(-1).     

F原子与瞬态自由基CH_2SH反应的理论研究

用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论（DFT）对F原子与自由基CH_2SH在势能面上 的反应进行了研究。在B3LYP/6-311G水平上计算出了各物种的优化构型、振动频率 和零点振动能(ZPVE);各物种的总能量由B3LYP/6-311 + G(2df, pd)//B3LYP/6- 311G计算,另外对反应物和产物还计算了其G3能量。结果表明：首先F通过与C或S 结合的两种途径与CH_2SH相配位,再通过H（4）原子转移形成甲基,然后甲基再旋 转,甲基中H（4）原子最终与F结合,反应产物为HF和CH_2S。反应为放热反应,分 别为ΔH_r = -370.7 kJ/mol (DFT)和-396.94 kJ/mol (G3)。此外依据计算出的反 应热,可得自由基·CH_2SH的生成热Δ_fH°_(298.15) = 146.44 kJ/mol (DFT), 而Δ_fH°_0 = 167.36 kJ/mol (G3)。它们与以前的实验和理论值是一致的。     

The OH* + CH3SH reaction: support for an addition-elimination mechanism from ab initio calculations

Several intermediates for the CH(3)SH + OH(*) --> CH(3)S(*) + H(2)O reaction were identified using MP2(full) 6-311+g(2df,p) ab initio calculations. An adduct, CH(3)S(H)OH(*), I, with electronic energy 13.63 kJ mol(-1) lower than the reactants, and a transition state, II(double dagger), located 5.14 kJ mol(-1) above I, are identified as the entrance channel for an addition-elimination reaction mechanism. After adding zero-point and thermal energies, DeltaH(r,298) ( degrees )(reactants --> I) = -4.85 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaH(298) (double dagger)(I --> II(double dagger)) = +0.10 kJ mol(-1), which indicates that the potential energy surface is broad and flat near the transition state. The calculated imaginary vibrational frequency of the transition state, 62i cm(-1), is also consistent with an addition-elimination mechanism. These calculations are consistent with experimental observations of the OH(*) + CH(3)SH reaction that favored an addition-elimination mechanism rather than direct hydrogen atom abstraction. An alternative reaction, CH(3)SH + OH(*) --> CH(3)SOH + H(*), with DeltaH(r,298) ( degrees ) = +56.94 kJ mol(-1) was also studied, leading to a determination of DeltaH(f,298) ( degrees )(CH(3)SOH) = -149.8 kJ mol(-1).     

Mechanisms for the deamination reaction of cytosine with H2O/OH(-) and 2H2O/OH(-): a computational study

Mechanisms for the deamination reaction of cytosine with H 2O/OH (-) and 2H 2O/OH (-) to produce uracil were investigated using ab initio calculations. Optimized geometries of reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products were determined at MP2 and B3LYP using the 6-31G(d) basis set and at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) levels of theory. Single point energies were also determined at MP2/G3MP2Large and G3MP2 levels of theory. Thermodynamic properties (Delta E, Delta H, and Delta G), activation energies, enthalpies, and free energies of activation were calculated for each reaction pathway investigated. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analysis was performed to characterize the transition states on the potential energy surface. Seven pathways for the deamination reaction were found. All pathways produce an initial tetrahedral intermediate followed by several conformational changes. The final intermediate for all pathways dissociates to product via a 1-3 proton shift. The activation energy for the rate-determining step, the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate for pathway D, the only pathway that can lead to uracil, is 115.3 kJ mol (-1) at the G3MP2 level of theory, in excellent agreement with the experimental value (117 +/- 4 kJ mol (-1)).