掺硼金刚石电极电催化氧化酚类有机物的取代基效应

本文主要以当前水环境中存在酚类有机污染物为研究对象,探讨酚类有机污染物在掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极上的取代基效应,具体研究具有不同位置及种类官能团的取代酚类有机污染物在BDD电极上的电催化氧化过程,通过化学需氧量和浓度变化考察有机污染物在电催化降解过程中的降解趋势,深入分析电极种类、官能团位置与种类与电催化氧化活性之间的联系的同时,研究阳极材料电催化氧化有机污染物的机理及动力学。结果表明,有机物在电极表面的电催化过程以电产生羟基自由基为媒介,对苯二酚在不同电极上的电催化活性与电极析氧电位及表面产生羟基自由基量有着重要的联系,BDD电极拥有最强的电催化氧化活性;不同取代基团的对位取代酚在BDD电极上的电化学降解实验显示电催化反应速率受取代官能团自身的电子效应制约,有机物矿化过程中羟基自由基首先进攻苯环的对位发生取代反应,同时取代基脱离苯环过程成为整个取代酚类电化学降解过程的决速步骤,且有机物的电催化反应速率与取代基特征Hammett常数σ呈近似线性关系。     

Fenton反应产生的羟自由基及其清除的电化学方法测定

建立了一种新的测定羟自由基的电化学方法，Fenton反应产生的羟自由基氧化二甲亚砚（DMSO）生成的甲醛与乙酰丙酮、氨发生Hantzsch反应，产物3，5－二乙酰基－1，4－二氢吡啶在－1．20V（vs SCE)处有一灵敏的二阶导数极谱波，通过峰电流变化可间接测定羟自由基；拟定的方法测定了数种清除剂与羟自由基反应的反应速率常量和清除羟自由基的IC50；该法简便可靠，对于抗氧化剂的筛选具有一定的应用价值。     

臭氧氧化水中黄腐酸过程中有机物的形态变化

以黄腐酸为模型化合物,研究了臭氧氧化过程中有机物形态和结构的转化。采用超滤膜分级、GC／MS、电位滴定等手段考察了氧化中间产物的分子量分布、小分子有机物种类以及极性官能团的变化规律。结果表明,随着臭氧氧化反应的进行,有机物平均分子量显著降低;单位质量有机物（以DOC计）中极性官能团（羧基、酚羟基等）（mol／kg C）含量增加;同时伴随有十六酸、苯甲酸、十八醇等极性物质和丁二酸二（2-甲基丙）酯、直链烷烃等弱极性物质的生成。根据氧化过程中检测到的羟基自由基,提出黄腐酸的降解主要源于臭氧分子和羟基自由基的共同氧化作用;这两种具有不同反应机理的氧化剂对有机物的形态、结构与性质变化均有重要影响。     

褪色光度法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基及其应用

建立检测Fenton反应产生羟自由基的新方法。Fenton反应产生的羟自由基与苋菜红反应，颜色发生变化，用分光光度计测定其△A510值的变化，可间接测定羟自由基的生成量。通过对测定条件的研究，确定了体系最佳实验条件。抗氧化药物甘露醇、硫脲与羟自由基清除率具有明显的量效关系。测定了阿魏酸、芦丁等几种中药活性成分清除羟自由基的功能，此法可用于羟自由基清除剂的筛选及抗羟自由基机理研究。     

基于果糖自氧化体系的抗氧化剂筛选方法

机体内果糖的自氧化过程中会产生多种自由基, 并最终转化为羟自由基, 苯甲酸钠可捕获羟自由基生成具有强荧光信号的羟基苯甲酸钠. 本文采用荧光光度法考察了影响果糖自氧化体系的各种因素, 建立了果糖自氧化产生羟自由基体系. 实验结果表明, 在果糖浓度为8.00 mmol/L, CuSO₄浓度为20.0 μmol/L, 苯甲酸钠浓度为24.0 mmol/L, pH=7.4, 温度为37℃及反应时间为24 h的条件下, 果糖自氧化体系最终可产生19.27 μmol/L的羟自由基. 抗氧化剂的存在可清除果糖自氧化过程中产生的自由基, 使最终生成的羟自由基的量减少, 从而导致生成的羟基苯甲酸钠减少, 荧光信号减弱, 由此建立了基于果糖自氧化体系的抗氧化剂筛选方法. 利用本评价体系考察了抗氧化剂盐酸小檗碱和阿魏酸的抗氧化能力, 实验结果表明, 中药标准品盐酸小檗碱和阿魏酸均能有效清除果糖自氧化体系产生的羟自由基, 其IC₅₀值分别为0.023和0.036 mmol/L.     

可见光引发的氧自由基的新型产生方式及反应

羧酸自由基及烷氧自由基等氧自由基是有机合成中的重要中间体,近些年通过可见光引发的氧化还原反应产生此类自由基的研究取得重要进展.本综述文章将聚焦于羧酸衍生物及羧酸作为羧酸自由基前体,醇衍生物及醇作为烷氧自由基前体,在光催化氧化还原条件下发生单电子转移产生氧自由基的新型方式,并将简单介绍其后续反应.     

利用金属-自由基相互作用调控自由基的定向转化（英文）

近年来光催化研究的兴起极大地促进了传统自由基化学的发展.在光照下,被激发的光催化剂会与底物发生电荷转化,从而在非常温和的条件下产生自由基中间体.自由基物种非常活泼,可快速地发生各类C–C偶联或者断键反应,但自由基的高活性同时意味着难以实现其可控的转化.特别是在多相光催化体系中,实现自由基物种的定向转化仍非常困难.光照条件下,半导体光催化剂的光生电子或空穴可以活化底物产生各种活泼的自由基物种,但往往在随后的自由基转化反应中扮演着旁观者的角色.即产生的自由基中间体可以自由地扩散和反应,它们会彼此碰撞发生自由基-自由基偶联反应,与表面活性氢物种反应,或者进一步被氧化为相应的碳正离子进而转化为一系列复杂的产物.因此,多相光催化剂表面不受控的自由基反应限制了其在很多重要领域(例如合成化学以及生物质转化等)的进一步应用.本文提出在半导体催化剂表面构建特定的金属位点,利用金属-自由基相互作用来调控在半导体表面产生的自由基物种的定向转化.以苯乙酸在金属/TiO₂催化剂上的光催化脱羧为模型反应进行研究.光照条件下,苯乙酸在TiO₂上被光生空穴氧化发生脱羧反应,...     

UV-Vis-草酸铁络合物-H2O2体系产生羟自由基的Fe(phen)23+光度法测定

UV－Vis－草酸铁络合物－H2O2法是一种新的高级氧化工艺，该工艺产生的羟自由基·OH具有极强的氧化能力，可与水中大多数有机物迅速反应而使其降解；用Fe(phen)23+光度法研究了该体系中羟自由基·OH产生的规律，·OH可将Fe(phen)23+(Fe2＋－菲咯啉络合物)氧化成Fe(phen)23+(Fe3＋－菲咯啉络合物),通过测定Fe(phen)23+在508nm处吸光度的变化可间接求出·OH的生成量；结果表明，在pH=4.0,=1∶5∶10（化学计量数）时，·OH的生成量最大;该分析方法具有简单、快速的优点。     

亮绿褪色光度法检测Fenton反应产生的羟自由基

建立了Fg^2＋-H2O2-亮绿的分析新体系，并用于羟自由基的检测。该法利用Fenton反应产生羟自由基，并加入亮绿显色剂，羟自由基使亮绿褪色。在632nm处测其△A值的变化，可间接测定羟自由基的产生量。探讨了最佳实验条件，并对苯甲酸与丹参等中草药的抗羟自由基氧化性能作了比较，以验证本法的有效性，得到较好的清除结果。该法稳定，可作为一种简便的筛选抗氧化剂的方法。     

吖啶红荧光法检测Fenton反应产生的羟自由基

提出检测Fenton反应产生羟自由基的方法。羟自由基与吖啶红发生反应后，吖啶红的荧光强度减弱，测定其荧光强度的变化，可间接测定羟自由基的产生量。试验结果表明，△F与吖啶红、硫酸铁及过氧化氢呈量效关系，发现抗氧化剂硫脲清除羟自由基作用呈明显的量效关系，方法稳定性好、操作简便、测定快速，测定了几种辛辣性食品的抗氧化性。     

Quantum chemical investigation of the reaction of O(3 P 2) with certain hydrocarbon radicals

The reaction of ground-state atomic oxygen [O(³ P ₂)] with methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl radicals has been studied using the density functional method and the complete basis set model. The energies of the reactants, products, reaction intermediates and various transition states as well as the reaction enthalpies have been computed. The possible product channels and the reaction pathways are identified in each case. In the case of methyl radical the minimum energy reaction pathway leads to the products CO + H₂ + H. In the case of ethyl radical the most facile pathway leads to the products, methanal + CH₃ radical. For propyl radical (n- and iso-), the minimum energy reaction pathways would lead to the channel containing ethanal + methyl radical.     

Free-Radical Reaction of 2-Vinylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate with Alkynes

A free-radical reaction of dimethyl 2-vinylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate with electron rich alkynes giving cyclopentene systems is described. This reaction can be achieved with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and phenyldisulfide as radical precursors.     

The Studies of Free Radical Cyclization Reactions Mediated by Sulfonyl Chloride (I)

A study of the free racinoal reaction of vinylcycloprelpane mediated by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride is described.     

The Studies of Free Radical Cyclization Reactions Mediated by Sulfonyl Chloride (II)

A study on the free radical cyclization reaction of substituted 1,6-dienes mediated by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride is described.     

Exploring the Biosynthetic Potential of TsrM,a B12-dependent Radical SAM Methyltransferase Catalyzing Non-radical Reactions

B₁₂-dependent radical SAM enzymes are an emerging enzyme family with approximately 200,000 proteins. These enzymes have been shown to catalyze chemically challenging reactions such as methyl transfer to sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. However, to date we have little information regarding their complex mechanisms and their biosynthetic potential. Here we show, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, mutagenesis and synthetic probes that the vitamin B₁₂-dependent radical SAM enzyme TsrM catalyzes not only C- but also N-methyl transfer reactions further expanding its synthetic versatility. We also demonstrate that TsrM has the unique ability to directly transfer a methyl group to the benzyl core of tryptophan, including the least reactive position C4. Collectively, our study supports that TsrM catalyzes non-radical reactions and establishes the usefulness of radical SAM enzymes for novel biosynthetic schemes including serial alkylation reactions at particularly inert C−H bonds.     

Expanding the Chemistry of the Class C Radical SAM Methyltransferase NosN by Using an Allyl Analogue of SAM

The radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) superfamily enzymes cleave SAM reductively to generate a highly reactive 5′‐deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical, which initiates remarkably diverse reactions. Unlike most radical SAM enzymes, the class C radical SAM methyltransferase NosN binds two SAMs in the active site, using one SAM to produce a dAdo radical and the second as a methyl donor. Here, we report a mechanistic investigation of NosN in which an allyl analogue of SAM (allyl‐SAM) was used. We show that NosN cleaves allyl‐SAM efficiently and the resulting dAdo radical can be captured by the olefin moieties of allyl‐SAM or 5′‐allylthioadenosine (ATA), the latter being a derivative of allyl‐SAM. Remarkably, we found that NosN produced two distinct sets of products in the presence and absence of the methyl acceptor substrate, thus suggesting substrate‐triggered production of ATA from allyl‐SAM. We also show that NosN produces S‐adenosylhomocysteine from 5′‐thioadenosine and homoserine lactone. These results support the idea that 5′‐methylthioadenosine is the direct methyl donor in NosN reactions, and demonstrate great potential to modulate radical SAM enzymes for novel catalytic activities.     

Radical chain reactions using THP as a solvent

THP (tetrahydropyran) has been found to show an excellent stability towards autooxidation, compared with THF. Tributyltin hydride mediated radical cyclization, when conducted in THF as a solvent, suffers from competition of hydrogen abstraction from the solvent, whereas the use of THP resulted in the course to negligible degree. Tributyltin hydride, TTMSS, and hexanethiol mediated radical reactions were carried out successfully using THP as a solvent.     

Hydrogen radical and hydroxyl radical hydrogen abstraction reaction from formyl fluoride studied with hybrid density functional theory methods

With the goal of reducing flame velocity in combustion reactions, this study focused on the conversion of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals into relatively unreactive hydrogen and water molecules through the inter-conversion of formyl fluoride to fluoroformyl radicals. Hybrid DFT computational methods were employed to confirm these results. Based on this, the fluoroformyl radical-assisted transformation of the hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals into hydrogen and water molecules was discussed.     

EPR Studies of (3, 5-di-t-Butyl-0-Benzoquinone) Tetracarbonylrhenium(0) Radical

The organometallic radical: (3,5-di-t-butyl-0-benzoquinone)tetracarbonyl-rhenium(0) and its triphenylphosphine substituted derivatives were studied by EPR spectroscopy. The unpaired electron is shown to be localized in the organic 1,2-diketone ligand. The rate of carbonyl substitution by triphenylphosphine at the unsubstituted rhenium radical indicates a second order reaction. The activation parameters are ΔH* =19.1±0.8Kcal/mole and ΔS*-3.0±1.5 eu/mole.