硫酸铵-溴化钾-乙醇体系萃取分离金

研究了(NH4)2SO4存在下,KBr-乙醇体系萃取分离Au(Ⅲ）的行为。实验表明,Br^-与Au(Ⅲ）形成的AuBr4^-很容易被萃取到乙醇相中。当溶液中KBr、(NH4)2SO4和无水乙醇浓度分别为0．04g／mL、0．30g／mL、30％(V／V),pH=2—4时能使Au(Ⅲ）的萃取率达到100％,Al（Ⅲ）、Ni(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Cr（Ⅲ）、Co(Ⅱ)、Fe（Ⅲ）、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Mo（Ⅵ)、U(Ⅳ)基本不被萃取,实现了Au（Ⅲ）与上述离子的分离。     

丙醇-氯化钠-水体系萃取铑(Ⅲ)-氯化亚锡-2-巯基苯并噻唑络合物的研究与应用

研究了丙醇－氯化钠双水相体系萃取铑（Ⅲ）－氯化亚锡－2－巯基苯并噻唑（MBT）络合物的萃取行为及在丙醇萃取相中的光度性质；实验表明，在HCl介质中，铑（Ⅲ）的萃取率是99％，方法可从Fe、Al、Pb、Zn、Ca等常见金属基体中分离铑（Ⅲ），并建立了双水相体系萃取分光光度法测定微量铑（Ⅲ）的新方法。     

TritonX-100-盐-水液-固萃取体系分离Co,Cd,Zn

在含有一定浓度硫酸铵的条件下，ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００水溶液能形成盐水相与聚合物固相。本实验研究了Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）、Ｃｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）、Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）、Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）与４－（２－吡啶偶氮）间苯二酚（ＰＡＲ）形成的配合物在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００盐水萃取体系液固两相中的分配行为。主要探讨萃取酸度，萃取剂用量和硫酸铵浓度等条件对金属离子萃取率的影响。用控制酸度的方法实现了Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）与Ｃｄ（Ⅱ），Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）与Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）的定量分离。每组金属离子浓度在１∶１０００倍情况下分离互不干扰，结果满意。该法可用于样品的提纯与分离。     

丙醇-硫酸铵-水液-液体系萃取分离铂、钯、铑和金

研究了丙醇－（NH4）2SO4－水液－液体系对铂（Ⅱ）,钯（Ⅱ）,铑（Ⅲ）和金（Ⅲ）氯化亚锡络阴离子的萃取行为及体系在盐酸介质中的分相条件。实验表明在盐酸介质中体系可同时萃取铂（Ⅱ＿,钯（Ⅱ）,铑（Ⅲ）和金（Ⅲ）,对铂,钯,铑 和金的萃取率分别为99．4％,99．0％,98．3％和99．8％,方法可用于从贱金属中分离铂,钯,铑,金,对阳极泥,砂铂矿,废催化剂样品的分离分析结果与其它方法相符。     

修饰聚合物液-固亲和萃取体系连续分离铜(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)、钴(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)

用亚胺基二乙酸（IDA）修饰了聚乙二醇PEG8000，并构建了修饰聚合物-盐-水液-固亲和萃取体系，用于高选择富集与分离金属离子。控制最佳分离条件，成相聚合物吐温80浓度；5%～10%；PEG-（IDA）2含量0.1%；（NH4）2SO4浓度；1.14～1.67mol/L；溶液酸度pH3.20～7.00。连续萃取分离了Cu(Ⅱ）、Zn(Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）及Cu（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ）、Ni（Ⅱ），并探讨了该萃取体系的萃取机理。从水样、发样等多种样品中，成功地富集并测定了痕量Cu(Ⅱ)和Zn（Ⅱ），结果满意。     

聚乙二醇-硫酸铵-锌试剂体系中铜、镧、铀、铈萃取性能研究

对4种金属离子[铜（Ⅱ），镧（Ⅲ），铀（Ⅵ）及铈（Ⅳ）]在双水相液-液萃取体系[聚乙二醇2000（PEG）-（NH4）2SO4-锌试剂]中的萃取行为，特别是影响萃取的条件（包括溶液的酸度，锌试剂用量；硫酸铵加入量及有无表面活性剂存在等）作了研究。结果表明，铜（Ⅱ）在pH3～8的条件下，以锌试剂螯合物的形态被定量萃取进入PEG相，萃取率在95％以上；镧（Ⅲ）在pH1～7之间不被萃取，仍以离子状态留在下层水相中；而铀（Ⅵ）及铈（IV）在pH1～11范围内萃取不完全，萃取率在30％～65％之间。试验表明，在pH6的条件下，铜（Ⅱ）可与共存的镧（Ⅲ）定量分离，铜（Ⅱ）进入PEG相的萃取率在95．6％～98．3％之间，而共存的镧（Ⅲ）仅有4．5％～5．1％进入PEG相中。对锌试剂作为螯合剂与上述4种金属离子在萃取过程的反应机理作了初步探讨。     

在硫酸铵存在下硫氰酸铵-孔雀绿-水液-固体系浮选分离汞（Ⅱ）

研究了在硫酸铵存在下硫氰酸铵－孔雀绿－水液－固体系浮选分离汞（Ⅱ）的行为及其与常见离子分离的条件。实验表明，在一定条件下，控制酸度条件，可实现Hg(Ⅱ）与常见离子Ni（Ⅱ），Mn（Ⅱ），Fe（Ⅱ），Bi（Ⅲ），Co（Ⅱ），Al（Ⅲ），Cr（Ⅲ），Cd（Ⅱ）分离，对合成水样及工业废水进行定量浮选分离测定，结果与双硫腙法相符。     

非有机溶剂萃取分离贵金属的研究——聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮-盐-水固-液萃取分离金、铂、钯溴络阴离子

道了聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮（ＰＶＰ）－（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４－水的固－液萃取体系中Ａｕ（Ⅲ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）、Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）溴络阴离子的萃取行为，在ＨＢｒ介质中，可萃取贵金属Ａｕ（Ⅲ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）、Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）而与贱金属Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）、Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）、Ａｌ（Ⅲ）、Ｃａ（Ⅱ）、Ｍｇ（Ⅱ）、Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）等分离，对合成样及实际样品进行了定量萃取分离测定，结果与其它方法相符，并对机理进行了初步探讨。     

N,N′-二(十二烷基)乙二胺二乙酸萃取分离铜

研究了N,N′-二(十二烷基)乙二胺二乙酸的氯仿溶液对铜的萃取行为,考察了初始水相酸度、萃取剂浓度及温度对Cu(Ⅱ)萃取率的影响. 结果表明,在pH≥6条件下对Cu(Ⅱ)有很高的萃取率,且在一定范围内随萃取剂浓度增大和温度升高萃取率均增大;用摩尔比法和电导法测得萃合物中Cu2+与萃取剂的摩尔比为1∶1;控制pH=6能使Cu(Ⅱ)与常见过渡金属离子Fe(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、 Zn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)得到分离.     

二（2,4,4—三甲基戊基）膦酸萃取分离稀土元素（Ⅲ）的研究

本文研究了二（２，４，４－三甲戊基）膦酸的煤油溶液在不同介质中对三价混合稀土的萃取分离性能，观测了平衡水相酸度对萃取平衡的影响，由酸度曲线求出相邻元素的平均分离系数，并考察了酸度对反萃取平衡的影响，比较了ＨＣｌ和ＨＮＯ３介质中，Ｃｙａｎｅｘ２７２混合稀土（Ⅲ）的萃取性能。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。