Ag_3PO_4/BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及可见光催化降解染料(英文)

结合回流法和原位沉淀法成功制备磷酸银/矾酸铋(Ag3PO4/BiVO4)复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)及光致发光(PL)光谱对制备样品进行表征.XRD和FESEM结果表明成功制备Ag3PO4/BiVO4复合光催化剂.采用节能发光二极管灯(LED)作为可见光光源,在低消耗光催化系统中评价制备样品可见光催化降解染料的活性.当Ag3PO4和BiVO4的组成摩尔比为1:3时,复合Ag3PO4/BiVO4光催化剂呈现出高于纯相Ag3PO4的催化活性,可减少Ag3PO4的使用量.Ag3PO4/BiVO4复合光催化剂在中性溶液中表现出高活性,同时证实其对阳离子染料的光催化降解效果强于阴离子染料.在Ag3PO4/BiVO4系统中,超氧自由基和空穴是主要的活性物种.经过三次循环利用,Ag3PO4/BiVO4复合催化剂的可见光催化活性表现出不同程度的降低,归因于降解过程中产生金属银.     

Bi_2MoO_6/BiVO_4异质结的水热合成和可见光催化活性(英文)

采用一步水热法制备Bi2MoO6/BiVO4复合光催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对其晶体结构和微观结构进行了表征.结果表明,Bi2MoO6纳米粒子沉积在BiVO4纳米片表面从而形成异质结结构.紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)表明所制备的Bi2MoO6/BiVO4异质结较纯相Bi2MoO6和BiVO4对可见光吸收更强.由于形成异质结结构及其光吸收性能使Bi2MoO6/BiVO4光催化活性有较大提高.可见光下(λ420 nm)光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)实验结果表明,Bi2MoO6/BiVO4光催化活性较纯相Bi2MoO6和BiVO4高.Bi2MoO6/BiVO4样品光催化性能提高的原因是Bi2MoO6和BiVO4形成异质结,从而有效抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合,增大了可见光吸收范围及比表面积.     

高结晶度氮掺杂介孔TiO2的制备及光催化活性（英文）

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,尿素为氮源,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为复合模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法,在氮气和空气气氛中分段煅烧,制得高结晶度氮掺杂介孔TiO2光催化剂.利用X射线衍射、透射电镜、N2吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱等技术对其进行了表征.结果表明,当PAM和PEG的质量比为1:4时,先在氮气中600°C煅烧,后在空气中500°C煅烧所得样品是锐钛矿相,具有良好的孔隙结构和较高的结晶度,平均孔径为5.11nm,晶粒尺寸为12.5nm,比表面积110.8m2/g.掺杂介孔TiO2的氮主要以取代氮和化学吸附分子γ-N2的形式存在,少量以间隙氮形式存在.氮掺杂使TiO2的能带变窄,吸收带边明显红移,且使光吸收强度显著增大.光催化降解甲基橙实验结果表明,与未掺杂样品相比,氮掺杂介孔TiO2在可见光作用下表现出较高的催化活性.     

高结晶度氮掺杂介孔TiO_2的制备及光催化活性(英文)

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,尿素为氮源,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为复合模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法,在氮气和空气气氛中分段煅烧,制得高结晶度氮掺杂介孔TiO2光催化剂.利用X射线衍射、透射电镜、N2吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱等技术对其进行了表征.结果表明,当PAM和PEG的质量比为1:4时,先在氮气中600°C煅烧,后在空气中500°C煅烧所得样品是锐钛矿相,具有良好的孔隙结构和较高的结晶度,平均孔径为5.11nm,晶粒尺寸为12.5nm,比表面积110.8m2/g.掺杂介孔TiO2的氮主要以取代氮和化学吸附分子γ-N2的形式存在,少量以间隙氮形式存在.氮掺杂使TiO2的能带变窄,吸收带边明显红移,且使光吸收强度显著增大.光催化降解甲基橙实验结果表明,与未掺杂样品相比,氮掺杂介孔TiO2在可见光作用下表现出较高的催化活性.     

酞菁改性的介孔TiO2的制备及其可见光光催化活性

利用软模板法制备了介孔TiO2,小角XRD和BJH孔径分布测定显示所制备的介孔TiO2具有良好的孔道有序性,平均孔径为4.75nm.通过四羧基铜酞菁(CuPcTc)表面吸附改性得到了CuPcTc敏化的介孔TiO2(CuPcTc-TiO2)可见光光催化剂.CuPcTc-TiO2光催化剂在可见光(λ>550nm)照射下显示了良好的光催化降解荧光素的能力,并且在CuPcTc吸附量(质量分数)为4%时,光催化剂具有最高的可见光光催化活性.在降解荧光素时,CuPcTc-TiO2显示出比CuPcTc敏化的P25(CuPcTc-P25)催化剂更高的可见光光催化活性.     

C–Cl共掺杂TiO2/凹凸棒复合催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

TiO2光催化剂具有无毒、物理化学性质稳定及光催化活性较高等优点,因而在能源及环境净化等领域备受关注.但是,TiO2纳米颗粒作为催化剂仍存在以下不足:(1)TiO2带隙较宽,只能吸收利用太阳光能的紫外光部分,而照射到地球表面的太阳光大部分为可见光;(2)光生载流子(电子/空穴)的复合使得光催化活性不高;(3)纳米催化剂的回收利用困难;(4)单独使用TiO2,成本较高;(5)针对低浓度有机污染,常见TiO2催化剂比表面积较小,吸附富集能力较差,导致光催化降解效率较低.TiO2自身这些缺陷大大限制了其进一步的实际应用.针对上述这些问题,我们在本研究中设计了一种简便易行的溶胶凝胶法,在较低的温度(70℃)下合成了非金属C–Cl共掺杂的TiO2/凹凸棒(TiO2/ATT)复合催化剂.XRD及HRTEM分析证明,通过调节反应溶液的pH可以分别合成含锐钛矿/金红石、锐钛矿/金红石/板钛矿的两相和三相的混合相TiO2,且锐钛矿/金红石比例可以通过改变pH而进行调节.XPS分析证明,C和Cl同时成功掺进TiO2/ATT复合催化剂.UV-Vis漫反射结果显示,非金属C和Cl的掺杂使得所合成复合催化剂的光吸收性能明显拓展到可见光区,因而可以充分利用可见光能进行有机污染物催化降解,而ATT作为TiO2的载体,减少了TiO2使用量,改善了TiO2的表面特性和孔结构,且有利于光催化剂的回收利用.以酸性红G为目标有机污染物,在可见光照射下对复合催化剂的可见光催化活性进行了测试.结果表明,当合成反应体系的pH值为3.0时,所获得的锐钛矿/金红石/板钛矿三相TiO2/ATT复合催化剂具有良好的可见光吸收特性,其可见光催化活性远远高于市售P25型TiO2,对难降解的酸性红溶液G具有优异的脱色效果和良好的TOC去除性能.循环光催化实验和FTIR表征结果表明,在5次循环利用后,TiO2/ATT复合催化剂仍表现出很高的催化活性,表明其稳定性优异.荧光分析和自由基捕获实验表明,光催化降解反应中的主要活性物种是羟基自由基、空穴和超氧自由基.TiO2/ATT复合催化剂高效稳定的可见光催化性能主要归因于:(1)非金属C和Cl的共掺杂改善了其可见光吸收性能;(2)催化剂中的TiO2由金红石、锐钛矿和板钛矿混合相组成,有利于抑制光生载流子的复合;(3)多孔结构的ATT作为载体提高了TiO2的比表面积,增加了反应活性位,同时改善了孔结构,从而有利于模拟有机污染物(酸性红G)分子的吸附和降解,有利于反应产物扩散,从而提高了催化剂的可见光催化效率.     

CeO2/BiVO4复合可见光催化剂的制备及其催化性能的研究

通过水热法制备了CeO2/BiVO4复合可见光催化剂,并采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱对其晶体结构、表面形貌、化学组成以及光谱特性等进行了表征。此外还研究了光照时间、催化剂用量、不同染料、光照强度和重复使用次数对CeO2/BiVO4复合可见光催化剂和BiVO4在可见光照射下催化降解次甲基蓝活性的影响。结果表明:当光照时间为120 min,催化剂用量为1.00 g·L^-1及光照强度为1.00 mW·cm^-2时, CeO2/BiVO4复合可见光催化剂对次甲基蓝的催化降解效果最佳,并且有较高的稳定性。     

超临界流体干燥法制备TiO2／C纳米粒子及光催化性能

以TiCl4为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法结合超临界流体干燥法(SCFD)制备了纳米级TiO2/C复合光催化剂.以苯酚的光催化降解对所得催化剂的催化活性进行了评价.结果表明,纳米TiO2/C复合粒子与单组分TiO2比较,复合粒子光催化活性高于单组分的TiO2,h苯酚降解率高达975 ％,COD为957%.并用XRD、TEM、 UV-Vis和XPS等手段进行了表征,iO2以锐钛矿型形式存在.比较了不同制备方法制得的TiO2/C复合催化剂,得出超临界干燥法制备的光催化剂具有粒径小,比表面积大,分散性好,光催化活性高等特点.     

纳米TiO_2-SnO_2介孔材料的制备及其对含氰废水的光催化降解性能

以TiCl4和SnCl4为原料,采用直接水解常压液相反应合成出了纳米TiO2-SnO2复合介孔材料.利用XRD和TEM及漫反射谱等对样品进行了表征,并研究了纳米TiO2-SnO2复合介孔材料对含氰废水的光催化降解性能.结果表明,纳米TiO2与SnO2复合后,导致材料的光谱响应拓宽;此种催化剂在日光灯下比在紫外灯下对废水中CN-的降解效果要好.     

原位法制备石墨相碳/TiO_2复合光催化剂及其高效降解新兴酚类污染物性能（英文）

绿色光催化技术在可持续水处理和环境修复领域具有广阔的应用前景.光催化效率在很大程度上取决于光催化剂,其中二氧化钛(Ti O_2)因具有超强的光氧化能力、化学稳定性和低成本等优点而广泛应用于光催化降解水中各类有机污染物.然而,Ti O_2的光催化效率仍然受限于其自身比表面积小、太阳光利用率低以及光生载流子复合速率快等缺点.为了克服以上缺点,进一步提高Ti O_2的光催化效率,本研究采用简单易行的原位共缩合结合水热处理技术,以葡萄糖为碳源,四异丙氧基钛(TTIP)为钛源,成功制备了一系列由锐钛矿相Ti O_2与石墨相碳组成的Ti O_2/C复合光催化剂,它们在水中新兴酚类污染物的降解中表现出了优异的可见光光催化活性.通过X射线衍射、热重分析、X射线光电子能谱、孔隙率分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱等表征手段对催化剂的组成和结构、形貌、孔隙率性质及光吸收特性进行了表征.结果显示,Ti O_2/C复合光催化剂具有独特的微孔/介孔结构,以及比Ti O_2更大的比表面积(222-263 m~2 g~(-1))和更窄的带隙能(2.50-2.77 e V).通过水中新兴酚类污染物如乙酰氨基酚(APAP)和对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(MPB)的可见光光催化降解实验研究了Ti O_2/C的光催化性能.结果显示,Ti O_2/C复合光催化剂表现出优于纯Ti O_2和商用P25-Ti O_2的可见光光催化活性.其中,性能最佳的Ti O_2/C-10.3(碳掺杂量为10.3%)在可见光照射下20 min即可完全降解APAP,180 min可降解90%以上的MPB;Ti O_2/C-10.3光催化降解APAP和MPB的表观速率常数分别是纯Ti O_2的7.6和2.8倍,是商用P25-Ti O_2的6.2和2.6倍.Ti O_2/C复合光催化剂表现出良好的稳定性,能够在完成五次光催化循环实验后仍然保持其良好的光催化活性.通过光电化学实验、间接化学探针测试和电子自旋共振光谱分析并结合表征结果,揭示了Ti O_2/C可见光光催化活性提高的原因.首先,石墨相碳的掺入降低了材料的带隙能,拓宽了材料的可见光吸收范围,同时石墨相碳可作为电子阱促进光生电子从Ti O_2的价带转移到自身,从而有效抑制光生载流子的复合;其次,在复合催化剂中,锐钛矿相Ti O_2与石墨相碳密切接触有利于光生载流子的有效分离,也可起到抑制光生载流子复合的作用;最后,复合催化剂较大的比表面积和独特的微孔/介孔双孔结构为APAP和MPB降解反应提供了充足活性位点,同时入射光在孔道内多次反射又进一步提高了催化剂对光能的利用率.在Ti O_2/C光催化降解体系中检测到的主要活性物种有羟基自由基、光生空穴和超氧自由基,三者共同参与APAP和MPB的降解和矿化过程.通过对光催化降解中间产物的分析,分别提出了Ti O_2/C复合光催化剂可见光催化降解APAP和MPB的路径.本研究为设计高效降解水中有机污染物的碳掺杂Ti O_2光催化材料提供了新思路.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.