三种消解方法在测定近海沉积物中Pb、 Cu、 Cd、 Hg及As的应用

常压湿式消解、高压微波消解、常压微波消解3种方法被应用于近海沉积物中Pb、 Cu、 Cd、 Hg、 As 5种重金属元素的分析. 以近海海洋沉积物标准物质为样品经3种方法消解后, 通过石墨炉原子吸收法测定Pb、 Cu、 Cd和氢化物发生原子荧光法同时测定Hg、 As. 结果表明, 样品经常压湿式消解, 其Pb、 Cu、 Cd回收率在80%～123%内而Hg、 As回收率低;经高压微波消解, 标样中Pb、 Cu、 Cd、 As回收率在84%～117%内, 对Hg测定回收率偏低;常压微波消解更适合于Cu、 Cd、 Hg、 As的消解, 其回收率在95%～121%之间而Pb回收率低于42.4%. 常压湿式消解与常压微波消解被用于大亚湾人工渔礁区沉积物样品的处理, 有较好的测定结果.     

微波消解ICP-MS测定海洋沉积物中微量元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定海洋沉积物中的Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb7种微量元素。对微波消解酸体系和微波程序进行了优化,结果表明:由4 mL HNO3与2 mL HF组成的混合酸对沉积物消解效果好;阶段升温,最高温度200℃,消解30 min有着最佳的消解效果。采用本实验方法对7种不同类型的海洋沉积物标准物质进行了测定,测定结果与标准值一致。各元素的检出限在0.009~0.17 ng/g之间。该方法快速简便、准确度高,可用于海洋沉积物样品中多元素同时测定。     

ICP-AES连测饲料中的Ca、P、Cr、Cd、Pb、As

应用ICP-AES对饲料中的Ca、P、Cr、Cd、Pb、As的测定进行了研究,确定了合理的测试条件,对微波消解和干法消解样品进行了比较,采用标准物质测定与样品加标回收进行了方法验证。结果表明,微波消解回收率达96%~104%,变异系数小于5%,结果令人满意。该法可同时检测饲料中的多种元素,且精密度高,进样量少,节省试剂,方便快捷。     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定活性白土中痕量毒理性元素

建立了不同样品消解方式下,检测活性白土中痕量毒理性元素的电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)分析方法。分别采用微波和密闭压力对活性白土样品进行消解,利用ICP-MS/MS法测定其中Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Hg和Pb共8种毒理性元素。在MS/MS模式下,分别以O_2和NH_3/He为反应气消除了测定过程中的质谱干扰。各元素具有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.9999),检出限为0.35~5.20 ng/g。应用与活性白土基质组成相似的国家标准参考物质水系沉积物(GBW07306)验证了分析方法的准确性和精密度,结果显示,采用微波消解和密闭压力消解对样品进行前处理的测定值与标准参考物质的证实值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.2%,验证了分析结果准确可靠、精密度高。本方法具有分析速度快、检出限低且无干扰的优点,适用于活性白土中痕量毒理性元素的高通量分析。     

扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫同位素组成

在中分辨模式(m/Δm=4000)下,利用扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(SF-ICP-MS)建立了精确测定硫同位素组成的方法,对ICP离子源、光学透镜系统、数据获取参数(扫描时间、扫描次数、积分窗口等)以及浓度效应进行了系统优化和评估,并用"标准-样品"交叉法校正仪器自身的质量歧视。在此基础上,在不同日期重复测定了GBW04414和GBW04415硫同位素参考物质的δ34SV-CDT,分别为"0.01‰±0.31‰和22.15‰±0.42‰,误差<±0.06‰,精密度<±0.5‰(n=10),达到了目前同类方法所报道的最高水平。同时,对瓶装矿泉水、雨水和河水等天然水样中δ34S进行了测定,测定精密度为±0.19‰～±0.58‰,与同位素参考物质的测定精密度相近。因此,本方法可用于精确测定天然水样中S同位素组成。     

微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷

采用微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素含量.采用微波灰化法对婴幼儿乳粉进行前处理,正交试验方法确定微波灰化最佳条件,灰化后产物用2 mL硝酸溶液(体积比为1∶1)溶解后,用ICP-OES对钙、磷元素进行含量检测.磷加标回收率为86%～104%,钙加标回收率为87%～96%.磷的相对标准偏差为2.5%～7.0%,钙的相对标准偏差为3.9%～10.0%,能够满足日常检测要求.采用微波灰化法对婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素进行样品前处理,相比微波消解方法,具有用时短、用酸量少、消解效果好、不需要进行赶酸处理等优点.与干法灰化和湿法消解相比大大减少了样品处理时间.采用微波灰化与ICP-OES结合对婴幼儿乳粉中的重要指标元素进行检测,在婴幼儿乳粉质量控制中有很好的应用价值.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素稀释法测定菜园土壤中微量镉

用电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素稀释法,测定了菜园土壤中微量镉的含量。土壤样品中加入一定量的112Cd富集同位素试剂后,用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸预消解后再经微波消解,冷却后样品溶液在130℃蒸发近干,然后加入硼酸1 mL,以硝酸(2+98)溶液定容至20 mL,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定溶液中的同位素比值R(112Cd/111Cd),用同位素稀释法计算出样品中镉的含量。试验对仪器参数1、12Cd富集同位素试剂的加入量、质量歧视因素、仪器死时间及同量异位素和多原子离子峰的干扰等因素对测定产生的影响进行了试验和校正。在优化的条件下测定了土壤标准物质(GBW 07423)中镉的含量,测定值与标准值相符。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮中痕量元素的几种前处理方法比较研究

比较了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮中的痕量元素K、Na、Ca、Fe、Mg、Al时,不同样品前处理方法对测定结果的影响。实验发现,干法灰化、微波消解和胆碱溶液直接溶解三种样品前处理方法得到的测定结果没有显著差异,干法灰化测定结果较其它两种方法略微偏低,说明样品有损失。三种方法的加标回收率为88.1%~105.6%,精密度为1.3%~3.5%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定黄连中铁、镁、锌含量

<正>样品基体对元素测定的准确性产生重要影响,特别是中药样品。目前,中药中很多成分还未被研究,因其基体成分非常复杂,需进行样品前处理。消化处理是元素分析中一种常用的样品前处理方法,即消解样品中的有机物。由于有些待测元素以化合物的形式存在于中药材中,需要破坏有机物的价键结构,从而释放出被结合的待测元素。已见报道的消化处理方法主要有湿法消化[1]、微波消化[2-3]、干法灰化[4]和密闭压力罐法[5],其中干法灰化、湿法消     

虾粉中总砷测定方法的探讨

用氢化物原子荧光光度法测定虾粉中总砷含量时,对干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解3种样品处理方法对虾粉中砷元素测定结果的影响进行了比较。通过试验确定了最佳消解条件。砷元素浓度在0~10μg/L的范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.999 6,检出限为0.2μg/L。比对结果表明,干法灰化适合于测定虾粉中总砷的含量,湿法消解测定总砷的含量偏低,微波消解不适合测定虾粉中总砷的含量。采用干法灰化-氢化物原子荧光光度法测定虾粉中总砷含量,加标回收率为76.2%~106.0%。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.