环境和食品样品中高氯酸盐检测方法进展

高氯酸盐是一种甲状腺毒素,阻碍甲状腺激素的分泌,影响人体正常的生理机能,因此对食品及环境中高氯酸盐进行检测具有重要的意义。对不同种类食品及环境中高氯酸盐的检测方法进行了综述,其检测方法有离子色谱法、离子色谱–质谱法、离子色谱–串联质谱法,高效液相色谱–串联质谱法。对高氯酸盐检测技术进行了展望,为高氯酸盐的分析及食品安全监控提供参考。     

TurboFlow在线净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中的高氯酸盐残留量

建立了TurboFlow在线净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中高氯酸盐残留量的分析方法.样品经水浸泡提取,TurboFlow在线净化后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定.在优化的条件下,高氯酸盐在0.4～10.0 ng/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9992.方法 定量限为0.01 mg/kg,平均回收率为...     

离子色谱-串联质谱法检测茶叶中的高氯酸盐

建立了离子色谱-串联质谱检测茶叶中高氯酸盐的分析方法。选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱（2 mm）进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的70 mmol/L氢氧化钾为淋洗液等浓度淋洗,TSQ Quantiva三重四极杆质谱仪作检测器,采用电喷雾电离源负离子（ESI^-）模式、多反应监测（MRM）模式进行分析,内标法定量。结果表明,高氯酸盐在0.02~10.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）为0.9991,定量限为2 μg/kg。运用该方法测定5种茶叶中的高氯酸盐,加标回收率为87.3%~112.2%。该方法具有操作简单、专属性强、灵敏度高等优点,可满足茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测要求。     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中的高氯酸盐

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测茶叶中高氯酸盐的分析方法。样品经50%乙腈提取,石墨化炭黑(GCB)分散固相萃取净化,采用亲水作用色谱分离,在UPLC-MS/MS的多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定。对方法的提取和净化条件进行了系统优化,在优化好条件下,高氯酸盐在0.005～5.0 mg/kg浓度范围内呈现良好的二次曲线关系,相关系数(R~2)为0.9998,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。在4种添加浓度(0.005,0.05,0.1,1.0 mg/kg)下的加标回收率在75.2%～95.8%之间,日内和日间相对标准偏差小于10.2%,表明该方法具有很好的准确度和精密度。最后,将所建立的方法用于91个茶叶样品中高氯酸盐的分析,取得了较好的效果。     

固相萃取/~(18)O标记高氯酸根稀释高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水果中的高氯酸盐

建立了水果中高氯酸盐的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析检测方法。样品采用1%乙酸提取,C18固相萃取柱净化,Waters IC-Pak Anion HR(4.6 mm×75 mm)色谱柱洗脱,流动相为乙腈-100 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(体积比60∶40),流速0.7 m L/min;液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用技术-电喷雾负离子监测模式检测,采用18O标记高氯酸根离子作为内标进行基质校正,内标法定量。结果表明:高氯酸盐在0.1~10.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为1.0μg/kg;在1.0,2.0,10μg/kg 3个加标水平下的回收率为92.5%~110%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%~5.4%。实际样品检测表明该方法准确可靠,适合于水果中高氯酸盐的测定。     

分散微固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定茶叶中高氯酸盐

基于分散微固相萃取(DMSPE)技术,采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱(UHPLC-HRMS)建立了茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测方法。样品采用乙腈提取,以PSA和PCX为吸附填料进行DMSPE净化,采用Poroshell 120 PFP色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.9μm)为分析柱,甲醇-1.0%乙酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,内标法定量。采用负离子采集模式,靶向单一离子监测(TSIM)/数据依赖质谱(ddMS2)扫描模式进行定性筛查和定量分析。高氯酸盐在0.05~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9997),方法检出限(LOD)为0.4μg/kg,定量下限(LOQ)为1.2μg/kg;在1.2、12、120μg/kg 3种加标水平下,高氯酸盐在茶叶中的平均回收率为87.4%~105%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD_r)为0.30%~6.1%,日间相对标准偏差(RSD_R)为4.2%~9.2%。该方法操作简单、成本低、样品净化效果好,灵敏度可满足欧盟的残留限量要求,适用于茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测,为我国茶叶中高氯酸盐的监测和风险评估提供了可靠的技术手段。     

固相萃取/~(18)O标记高氯酸根稀释高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定茶叶中高氯酸盐

建立了一种分析茶叶中高氯酸盐含量的固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱方法。样品采用50%甲醇溶液提取,C_(18)固相萃取柱净化,采用Phenomenex Luna Hillic色谱柱(100×2mm,3μm),流动相为5mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(含0.2%甲酸)-甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速0.4mL/min。质谱采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,采用~(18)O标记高氯酸根离子作为内标进行基质校正,内标法定量。结果显示:高氯酸盐在1.0~20.0ng/mL范围内线性关系良好;对绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶3种茶叶样品的加标回收率为102.5%~105.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~2.8%,定量限(S/N10)为0.02mg/kg,检出限(S/N=3)为0.006mg/kg。实际样品检测表明该方法稳定、准确、可靠,适合于茶叶中高氯酸盐的测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定奶粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐

建立了一种测定奶粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品经0.1%（v/v）甲酸水-乙腈提取,10000 r/min下离心10 min后,上清液经PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化;采用离子交换色谱分离,色谱柱为Thermo Scientific Acclaim TRINITY P1复合离子交换柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm）,以乙腈和20 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,MS/MS检测,内标法定量。结果显示,氯酸盐和高氯酸盐分别在2.0~40.0 μg/L和1.0~20.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r²）大于0.999,方法的定量限分别为15.0和7.5 μg/kg。氯酸盐和高氯酸盐分别在30.0、60.0、120.0 μg/kg和15.0、30.0、60.0 μg/kg 3个水平下的加标回收率为89.24%~107.85%,相对标准偏差为3.15%~10.42%（n=6）。该方法简便快捷、准确可靠,能适用于奶粉样品的测定。     

离子色谱法测定葡萄酒中的高氯酸盐

建立了离子色谱测定红酒中高氯酸盐的分析方法。以4种葡萄酒为典型样品,测定了其中的高氯酸盐含量。使用Metrosep A Supp5阴离子分析柱（150 mm×4.0 mm）进行分离,柱温为40℃,流动相为1.0 mmol/L碳酸钠水溶液-丙酮（85：15,v/v）,流速为0.8 mL/min。结果表明,高氯酸盐在0.1~10 mg/L内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9998,方法回收率大于86.0%,相对标准偏差小于2.6%。该方法前处理方便快捷、检测灵敏度高,可满足红酒中高氯酸盐含量的测定。     

现代仪器分析技术在荧光增白剂检测中的应用

综述了近10年光谱(包括紫外分光光度法、荧光分光光度法等)、色谱(包括高效液相色谱法、超高效液相色谱法、超高效合相色谱法)、质谱(包括液相色谱-串联质谱法、液相色谱-串联高分辨飞行时间质谱法)等现代仪器分析技术在荧光增白剂检测中的应用,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Polymer-solvent interaction parameters in polymer solutions at high polymer concentrations

Ion chromatography (IC) is widely used for the compliance monitoring of common inorganic anions in drinking water. However, there has recently been considerable interest in the development of IC methods to meet regulatory requirements for analytes other than common inorganic anions, including disinfection byproduct anions, perchlorate, and haloacetic acids. Many of these new methods require the use of large injection volumes, high capacity columns and analyte specific detection schemes, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or postcolumn reaction with UV-Vis detection, in order to meet current regulatory objectives. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a detection technique that is particularly suitable for the analysis of permanently ionized or polar, ionizable compounds. The combination of IC with MS detection is emerging as an important tool for the analysis of ionic compounds in drinking water, as it provides increased specificity and sensitivity compared to conductivity detection. This paper reports on the application of IC-ESI-MS for the confirmation and quantitation of environmentally significant contaminants, i.e. compounds with adverse health effects which are either regulated or being considered for regulation, such as bromate, perchlorate, haloacetic acids, and selenium species, in various water samples.     

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in fruit juices and beverages

Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are among the main mycotoxins formed in apples and other fruits infected by Alternaria alternata. For determination of AOH and AME by LC, apple juice and other fruit beverages were cleaned up on C18 and aminopropyl solid-phase extraction columns. Positive and negative ion mass spectra of AOH and AME under electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) conditions were obtained. Collision-induced dissociation of the [M+H]+ and [M-H]- ions for both compounds were also studied. The phenolic anions of both compounds are more stable with less fragmentation. In quantitative analysis, negative ion detection also offers lower background and better sensitivity. Sensitive LC-MS and LC-MS-MS confirmatory procedures based on APCI with negative ion detection were applied to confirm the natural occurrence of AOH in nine samples of apple juice and in single samples of some other clear fruit beverages--grape juice, cranberry nectar, raspberry juice, red wine, and prune nectar (which also contained 1.4 ng AME/ml)--at levels of up to 6 ng AOH/ml. Electrospray LC-MS-MS with negative ion detection and in multiple reaction monitoring mode offers higher sensitivity and specificity. Absolute detection was better than 4 pg per injection for both compounds.     

Selective method for the analysis of perchlorate in drinking waters at nanogram per liter levels, using two-dimensional ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected drinking water occurrence data for perchlorate in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 1; 2001-2005) using EPA Method 314.0. To address the interest in increasing sensitivity and selectivity for the analysis of perchlorate, three new methods, EPA Methods 314.1, 331.0 and 332.0, were subsequently published by EPA for the analysis of perchlorate in drinking water. In 2006, an automated two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) method for measuring perchlorate with suppressed conductivity detection was developed. Two-dimensional IC is essentially an automated "heart-cutting", column concentration and matrix elimination technique. In the first dimension, a large sample volume is injected onto a first separation column and the separated matrix ions are diverted to waste while the analyte(s) of interest are selectively cut, trapped and concentrated in a concentrator column. In the second dimension, the contents from the concentrator column are eluted onto a second analytical column for separation and quantitation of the analyte(s) of interest. Incorporation of two columns with different affinities for the analyte(s) in a single analysis can provide comparable selectivity and superior sensitivity to a method using second column confirmation in a second separate analysis step. Use of this approach led to the development of a new, highly sensitive and selective 2D-IC, suppressed conductivity method with a Lowest Concentration Minimum Reporting Level (LCMRL) of 55 ng/L for perchlorate in drinking water samples. This new method has comparable sensitivity and selectivity and is simpler and more economical than IC-mass spectrometric (MS) or IC-MS-MS techniques. The method is now being prepared for publication as EPA Method 314.2.     

Microscale extraction of perchlorate in drinking water with low level detection by electrospray-mass spectrometry

Improper treatment and disposal of perchlorate can be an environmental hazard in regions where solid rocket motors are used, tested, or stored. The solubility and mobility of perchlorate lends itself to ground water contamination, and some of these sources are used for drinking water. Perchlorate in drinking water has been determined at sub-mug l(-1) levels by extraction of the ion-pair formed between the perchlorate ion and a cationic surfactant with electrospray-mass spectrometry detection. Confidence in the selective quantification of the perchlorate ion is increased through both the use of the mass based detection as well as the selectivity of the ion pair. This study investigates several extraction solvents and experimental work-up procedures in order to achieve high sample throughput. The method detection limit for perchlorate based on 3.14sigma(n-1) of seven replicate injections was 300 ng l(-1) (parts-per-trillion) for methylene chloride extraction and 270 ng l(-1) for methyl isobutyl ketone extraction. Extraction with methylene chloride produces linear calibration curves, enabling standard addition to be used to quantify perchlorate in drinking water. Perchlorate determination of a contaminated water compared favorably with results determined by ion chromatography.     

Preliminary comparison of precursor scans and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

Recent mass spectrometry instrumentation developments include the appearance of novel hybrid tandem instrumentation, Q-TOF, consisting of a quadrupole mass analyzer (MS1) and a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer. The TOF analyzer is not scanned, but collects all fragment ions entering the analyzer at a given time. Thus, the typical precursor scan experiment cannot be performed. Instead, a full MS-MS spectrum can be acquired for each mass passed by MS1. Appropriate data manipulation, i.e. extracted ion current chromatograms, can correlate specific fragment ion formation to the parent ion. Precursor scanning and LC-MS-MS are compared on a Q-TOF instrument for the determination of protein modifications, including acetylation and phosphorylation. Model peptides used for phosphopeptide detection were generated from a mixture of beta-casein. Model acetylated peptides were generated from a mixture of acetylated substance P1-9 and substance P1-11. The results were then applied to a more complex mixture, a digest of HIV-p24. Results indicate that precursor scanning is useful for screening, but that LC-MS-MS has a sensitivity advantage and is less susceptible to suppression effects. LC-MS-MS, therefore, appears to be better for the detection of trace components in complex mixtures.     

Rapid detection of perchlorate in groundwater using capillary electrophoresis

Summary Perchlorate is a groundwater contaminant originating from facilities that manufacture and test solid rocket fuel. A new technology, capillary electrophoresis, has the potential to measure perchlorate rapidly and inexpensively in water samples. With its speed and simplicity, this method would complement existing methods. The perchlorate anion is routinely detected in water samples using high performance ion exchange chromatography, a very sensitive yet time consuming and expensive method. In this work, the parameters for detection of perchlorate are optimized to permit detection of 0.400 mgL⁻¹ perchlorate in a standard solution. The usefulness of this technology is demonstrated for measuring perchlorate in several ground-water samples from the Western United States. The results demonstrate that CE can be used to rapidly screen environmental samples for perchlorate at intermediate to high levels (greater than 0.400 mgL⁻¹). This technique allows faster, easier screening of potential contamination sites and could complement the use of ion exchange chromatography for groundwater testing.     

Characterization of phthalides in Ligusticum chuanxiong by liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection interfaced to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) is applied to analyze phthalides from Chuanxiong (the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong). This herb material, containing plenty of phthalide compositions, is selected as the analytical target in this paper for its hematological activity. Some of the phthalides are not stable and are difficult to analyze by gas chromatography-MS. Under optimized LC-MS-MS conditions, six phthalides in the methanol extract of Chuanxiong are unambiguously identified, and characteristic fragments are obtained using homemade reference standards. Ten other phthalides in the extract are confirmed by means of LC-APCI-MS with positive-negative ion mode and collision-induced dissociation in combination with UV spectrophotometry. The results show that LC-MS-MS is a method of choice for fast detection and detailed structural analysis of such mixtures in the crude extract of Chuanxiong.     

Approaches to sample pretreatment in the determination of perchlorate in real world samples

Perchlorate can be determined by the tandem technique of ion chromatography (IC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). However, detection by ESI-MS can be compromised by the coelution of matrix components that can suppress the analyte signal. In addition, the presence of surface-active and other types of matrix components can cause fouling of the electrospray inlet, reducing overall signal and requiring frequent maintenance. The influences of matrix components can be minimized by using analytical columns with different selectivities, in-line diversion of separated matrix components, and off-line selective removal of matrix components via ion exchange or adsorption. This paper will discuss these sample preparation approaches for samples containing anionic species including surfactants and inorganic ions that elute in the vicinity of perchlorate.     

Application of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry combined with photodiode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring pesticides in surface waters

Liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (LC-DAD) and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are two techniques that have been widely used in monitoring pesticides and their degradation products in the environment. However, the application of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for such purposes, once considered too costly, is now gaining considerable ground. In this study, we compare these methods for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in surface waters collected from the central and southeastern regions of France, and from the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Forty-eight pesticides belonging to eight different classes (triazine, amide, phenylurea, triazole, triazinone, benzimidazole, morpholine, phenoxyalkanoic), along with some of their degradation products, were monitored on a regular basis in the surface waters. For LC-MS, we used the electrospray ionization (ESI) interface in the negative ionization mode on acidic pesticides (phenoxyalkanoic, sulfonylurea), and the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface in the positive ionization mode on the remaining chemicals. Different extraction techniques were employed, including liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, and solid-phase extraction using C18-bonded silica and graphitized carbon black cartridges. Eleven of the target chemicals (desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, metolachlor, carbendazime, bentazone, penconazole, diuron and isoproturon) were detected by LC-MS at concentrations ranging from 20 to 900 ng/l in the surface waters from France, and six pesticides (atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, cyanazine, simazine and metolachlor) were detected by LC-MS and LC-MS-MS at concentrations ranging from 3 to 52 ng/l in the samples drawn from the St. Lawrence River. There was good correlation between the LC-DAD and LC-MS techniques for 60 samples. The slope of the curves expressing the relationship between the results obtained with LC-DAD versus those obtained by LC-MS was near 1, with a correlation coefficient (r) of over 0.93. The identification potential of the LC-MS technique, however, was greater than that of the LC-DAD; its mass spectra, mainly reflecting the pseudomolecular ion resulting from a protonation or a deprotonation of the molecule, was rich in information. The LC-MS-MS technique with ion trap detectors, tested against the LC-MS on 10 surface water samples, gave results that correlated well with the LC-MS results, albeit generating mass spectra that yielded far more information about the structure of unknown substances. The sensitivity of the LC-MS-MS was equivalent to the selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition mode in LC-MS. The detection limits of the target pesticides ranged from 20 to 100 ng/l for the LC-MS technique (under full scan acquisition), and from 2 to 6 ng/l for LC-MS-MS. These limits were improved by a factor of almost 10 by increasing the sample volume to 10 l.