化学探究性实验活动表现评价的设计探讨

活动表现评价是新课程改革倡导的一种新型的评价方式。本文对化学新课程中探究性实验的一般程序、内容选择、活动表现评价的方法、工具设计和成绩评定等方面进行了探讨。     

基于化学学科能力的高三教学评一体化设计*

基于“化学学科能力内涵构成及其活动表现模型”,分析北京市近3年高考试题,总结北京高考对学生的要求;设计了高三三阶段复习计划,并以第一阶段复习为例,展示大单元复习教学整体设计、高三统练整体规划和试题设计;分析统练中学生各能力要素和知识主题的得分率,形成针对年级的评价、针对教学班教师的评价、针对个体学生的个性化评价。     

开展化学实验活动表现评价的尝试

化学实验活动表现评价对于提高中学化学实验教学质量,全面落实培养学生科学素养的目标,具有其他实验评价方式不可替代的特殊作用。目前国内外对于化学实验活动表现评价的研究比较匮乏,本文对构建新课程背景下的化学实验活动表现评价指标及其应用进行了探讨。     

用活动表现评价深化学生对分子和原子概念的认识

活动表现评价是通过学生在一个真实的活动情境中的行为表现,对学生在知识、技能、过程、方法、情感、态度及价值观等方面的水平做出评判的评价方法。在“分子和原子”教学过程中,依据教学目标运用实验探究、模型分析或图示表达等多种活动表现评价方法,深化学生对分子原子概念的认识。     

高中化学学习档案袋评价——来自美国教学实践的一个案例及其启示

课程评价是课程改革成功与否的关键环节之一。我国新一轮的高中化学课程提倡使用学习档案袋评价、活动表现评价和纸笔测验等多样化的方式对学生进行评价。如何在新课程课堂实践中实施新的评价方式成为当前急需研究解决的热点问题。1学习档案袋评价的涵义及其研究现状档案袋评价(portfolio assessment)是20世纪80年代中期在美国教育实践中涌现出来的一种学业成就评价方式。S.L.Shurr对“档案袋”作了如下的定义:“档案袋就是有关学生学习情况的、有目的地收集起来的东西,它表现了学生在较长的时间内在课程的一个或多个领域中所做出的全部努…     

化学探究性学习评价的初步探索

结合实践探研了实施探究学习评价应根据其不同阶段的不同特点,灵活选择与运用恰当的评价方法,突出探究过程,关注学生成长,并将评价的侧重点放在学生探究能力的提高诸问题上。     

OBE理念下化学教育硕士教育实习评价体系的构建

为解决化学教育硕士教育实习评价存在的问题,基于OBE(成果导向)理念,聚焦化学教育硕士毕业时“学到了什么”“能做什么”以及毕业后5年应具备的职业能力,从“实习表现、教学工作、班主任工作、教学研究工作”等4个维度出发,开发出包含14个二级指标、65个三级指标的实习评价量表,并建立起与“实习准备阶段、实习实施阶段、实习总结阶段”相对应的“监控—调节—改进”环节以保障实习质量,最终形成了“四维三阶”的闭环式教育实习评价体系,规范了化学教育硕士教育实习评价方式,提高了教育实习质量。     

化学探究实验教学中活动表现评价探讨

化学探究实验活动是转变学生学习方式,落实新课程理念的有效教学手段,活动表现性评价是落实新的评价观的有效形式,化学探究实验教学中开展活动表现评价不仅必要而且可能,介绍了一则教学案例。     

新课程下高中化学教学评价的探索与实践

依据“三维”课程目标,结合新课程化学教学的实际,进行了大胆尝试,建立了化学课堂教学评价、学生平时学习活动评价、学生探究学习活动评价、学生考试成绩评价标准体系。实践表明,综合评价能比较科学地考察学生高中阶段的化学学习能力,体现新课程评价改革的思想,发挥评价的教育功能和正确导向功能,发展和发现学习者的多方面潜能。     

分析化学教学中开展研究性学习的实践与思考

以滴定分析为例,介绍了分析化学教学中开展研究性学习的实践情况。该学习模式注重引导学生进行选题、论证和实验,重视研究性学习的过程和方法,特别是学生实践能力的评价,评价内容包括学生在研究性学习活动过程中的态度,研究方法与技能掌握情况,所表现出的创新精神和成果等。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.