消费者搭便车下制造商创新投入的供应链双渠道策略研究

针对顾客传统零售渠道服务搭便车现象,利用Hotelling模型建立四种供应链结构下双渠道供应链多阶段于博弈,分析顾客搭便车对制造商创新投入与传统零售渠道服务水平的影响及各方于博弈的均衡结果.研究发现,制造商和零售商偏好不同的供应链结构;随着顾客搭便车获得服务折扣的增加,传统渠道零售商零售价和利润减小,顾客服务水平降低,同时制造商创新投入减少、利润下降.当存在顾客搭便车行为时,渠道整合的零售商渠道差异定价优于为规避顾客搭便车而采取的渠道同价策略,此时制造商创新投入、传统渠道顾客服务水平及供应链双方收益都得到提高.此外利用不同渠道的差异化定位降低搭便车者获得的服务折扣将对供应链整体有利.     

制造商数量折扣策略和零售商广告投入博弈分析

广告投入不仅会提高需求期望也会对需求方差产生影响,方差可能不变、与期望同比增大、增速大于期望.针对一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两层供应链系统,研究制造商如何利用目标数量折扣机理来激励零售商的广告投入和订货协调,以改善供应链的渠道效率.     

策略性消费者影响下的双渠道供应链合同选择

研究了存在策略性消费者且零售商在原有线下渠道基础上开通线上渠道时，制造商与零售商供应链合同的选择问题。通过逆推法比较不同供应链合同下，制造商与零售商做分散决策和集中决策获得的收益以及零售商线上线下不同渠道定价决策对供应链整体收益的影响，讨论制造商和零售商的最优决策。得出主要结论为：在一般情况下数量折扣合同能更好的协调供应链，增加整体收益；然而当策略性消费者的耐心程度，对线上销售渠道接受程度增加时，批发价格合同更适用于考虑零售商开通线上销售渠道的情况。     

搭便车效应下双渠道供应链收益共享契约设计

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,制造商在拥有传统零售渠道的同时自行开辟网络直销渠道,在只存在网络直销渠道搭传统渠道服务便车的情况下,引入服务水平变量,基于两层优化理论建立了Stackalberg博弈模型,给出了制造商和零售商的均衡定价和最优服务水平.基于最优结果,研究了搭便车系数的变化对供应链成员定价及服务水平决策、双渠道需求和利润的影响.研究发现,搭便车现象抑制了零售商提供服务的积极性,降低了市场需求,对制造商和零售商的利润造成了负面影响.基于搭便车现象的负面影响,建立了基于收益共享的协调机制模型,并给出了均衡解存在的条件.数值结果表明,在一定条件下,采用收益共享机制后,零售商提供的服务水平提高了,市场需求扩大了,制造商和零售商的利润得到了改善.     

多因素扰动下同价双渠道供应链协调应对突发事件

一条双渠道供应链存在一个传统零售商和一个拥有电子渠道的制造商,制造商采用了跟随零售商线上线下同价的定价策略。通过建立市场需求模型,求出供应链的最优价格、生产数量,利用博弈论和合同理论的原理设计收益共享契约。研究表明,当供应链处于稳定状态时,收益共享契约可以用来实现同价双渠道供应链的协调。当突发事件导致市场规模和制造成本发生扰动时,同价双渠道供应链存在鲁棒性,而收益共享契约也能够很好地协调同价机制下的双渠道分权供应链,最后给出一个算例验证了结论。     

碳限额政策下一个制造商和两个零售商的供应链定价决策

研究了碳限额政策下一个制造商和两个零售商构成的二级供应链.根据制造商差别定价或统一定价及两个零售商竞争或合作构建了4个博弈模型,利用逆向归纳法得到了各个模型的均衡决策并进行了比较分析.结果表明:1)制造商的利润在制造商差别定价两个零售商竞争时最大,而在制造商统一定价两个零售商合作时最小.2)供应链的利润在制造商统一定价两个零售商合作时最大,而在制造商差别定价两个零售商竞争时最小.最后,通过数值实验分析了碳限额对供应链成员利润的影响.     

制造商信息私有条件下的双渠道供应链定价决策

针对由风险规避型制造商拥有的直销渠道和风险规避型零售商拥有的传统零售渠道组成的双渠道供应链模型,首先研究制造商和零售商的风险规避信息为共同知识条件下,直销渠道和传统零售渠道的定价决策。进一步分析制造商风险规避度为私有信息条件下,制造商和零售商的最优定价策略,探讨精炼贝叶斯均衡定价的存在条件。研究表明,信息非对称条件下,零售商即使存在信念的修正,其零售渠道的定价与制造商的定价决策类型始终保持一致,而制造商的最终定价策略选择有多种。在不同参数条件下,该非对称信息动态博弈模型可能存在分离均衡、混同均衡和准分离均衡。     

低碳环境下双渠道供应链决策与协调

针对双渠道供应链引入碳减排因素,构建制造商为主导的Stackelberg模型,提出制造商减排率、制造商和零售商的定价决策对比分析分散决策和集中决策模式下最优减排率和定价策略以及供应链总利润,并提出价格折扣成本分摊协调契约最后,通过数值仿真分析了渠道竞争系数,减排率的弹性系数以及减排成本系数的变化对协调契约的影响.     

碳限额下双渠道供应链减排与定价决策

考虑由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级供应链系统,零售商可以通过直销渠道将产品销售给顾客,也可以通过传统的零售渠道将产品销售给顾客,两种渠道产品需求受减排量和价格影响.分析了集中式双渠道供应链决策,以及基于Stackelberg博弈时分散式双渠道供应链决策,得到了双渠道供应链的最优定价以及最优减排量.数值算例表明,减排投入对于制造商和零售商的定价决策有重要影响,制造商和零售商的定价决策以及利润与零售渠道的偏好程度以及减排成本的分担比例密切相关,碳排放权的市场价格变化与最优零售价格、最优直销价格、减排量和批发价格变化呈正相关;最后,制造商利润随碳配额的增加而增加.     

考虑权力结构的产品服务供应链服务渠道选择及协调研究

在制造业服务化转型过程中,传统的产品供应链转变为了产品服务供应链,为顾客提供产品和服务,服务可以由制造商或零售商提供,权力结构会对服务渠道的选择产生影响。本文通过建立博弈模型,研究了制造商为核心、零售商为核心以及制造商与零售商权力均等三种权力结构下最优服务渠道的选择问题,并应用两部定价契约对最优服务渠道的结果进行协调。研究发现,当制造商为核心时,最优的服务渠道为零售商提供服务,当零售商为核心时,最优的服务渠道为制造商提供服务,当制造商与零售商权力均等时,不存在最优的服务渠道。两部定价契约可以实现最优服务渠道的协调,最后通过数值仿真对结论进行了验证。     

不同权力结构对制造商双渠道供应链的影响研究

在一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链中, 制造商拥有线下传统渠道及线上直销双渠道。首先根据消费者剩余理论, 构建了制造商双渠道需求函数;接着分别构建了两类Stackelberg博弈及Nash博弈三种权力结构下制造商和零售商的利润模型并对模型进行了求解;最后分析了三种不同权力结构对制造商双渠道供应链的影响。研究发现:制造商线上直销渠道价格不受三种博弈权力结构的影响;线下传统渠道零售价格、需求, 线上直销渠道需求及制造商双渠道供应链总利润不受两类Stackelberg博弈权力结构的影响;线下传统渠道零售价格及线上直销渠道需求在Nash博弈权力结构下最小, 而线下传统渠道需求及供应链总利润在Nash博弈权力结构下最大;制造商批发价格、利润及零售商利润对三种博弈权力结构较敏感, 随供应链成员自身博弈权力地位的下降而逐渐降低。     

双渠道闭环供应链的三种回收模式的建模分析

针对生产商负责网上直销、零售商负责网下零售、且具有回收再制造功能的双渠道闭环供应链,首先分析了生产商负责产品回收和零售商负责产品回收下生产商和零售商之间的博弈行为,建立了刻画两种回收模式的两层规划模型;进而假定生产商委托第三方企业负责回收,分析了生产商、零售商和第三方回收企业之间的博弈行为,建立了对应此一主两从博弈结构的带均衡约束的两层规划模型.对所得模型进行了模型求解,得到了三种回收模式下双渠道闭环分散式供应链的最优直销价、零售价和回收再制造率决策.通过数值算例对上述三种回收模式进行了比较分析,并对刻画网上直销吸引力的相关参数进行了灵敏度分析.研究发现,生产商负责回收时的回收再制造率最高;网上直销具有激发潜在需求(正效应)和吸引零售市场需求发生转移(负效应)的双重效应等.     

基于市场需求增加的双渠道闭环供应链定价机制研究

针对制造商开辟在线销售渠道现象的普及,考虑混合双渠道销售会增加产品的潜在需求,构建制造商与零售商分散、集中定价两种决策模型,利用博弈理论对模型进行求解分析,研究表明在双方分散、集中两种定价策略模型中,随着双渠道开通导致的市场需求率的增加,制造商的批发价、零售商的销售价格上调,零售商的回收价格下降,闭环供应链系统总利润则呈现先下降后上升的变化。最后,运用数值算例进一步验证和讨论双渠道销售导致的市场需求增加对闭环供应链系统定价策略、双方利润及系统渠道效率的影响。     

Coordinating a supply chain with green innovation in a dynamic setting

This paper addresses the channel coordination problem in a green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, in which the manufacturer controls green innovation and wholes price, while the retailer controls sales price. Pricing and green innovation strategies in integrated and decentralized channels are computed and compared, and a two-part tariff contract is designed to coordinate the decentralized supply chain. A Nash bargaining model is further developed to distribute the extra-profit between channel members. A numerical example is conducted to explore the impacts of green effectiveness and operational inefficiency effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions and coordination. The main results show that the green innovation investment, energy efficiency level and channel profit of integrated channel are larger than those of decentralized one, but the relationship of sales prices under two channel structures depends on system parameters. Green effectiveness exerts a positive effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions. The coordinator’s coordination capability is improved by green effectiveness, but weakened by operational inefficiency effect.     

双渠道供应链中的价格决策与服务决策研究

在集中式和分散式决策条件下,应用两阶段优化技术和Stackelberg博弈的理论与方法,对一个制造商与一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,重点考虑了制造商在网络渠道的服务决策,建立了利润最大化模型,得到了最优的价格策略和服务策略,研究表明,网络渠道的服务水平对制造商和零售商的价格决策有着重要影响,而且消费者对网络直销渠道的偏好对制造商和零售商价格决策和服务决策会产生很大影响．     

Benefits of partial myopia in a durable product supply chain considering pricing and advertising

Consider a bilateral monopoly supply chain where a manufacturer distributes a durable product through a retailer to end consumers. This paper develops a differential game in which the manufacturer determines the advertising and the wholesale price while the retailer sets the retail price. Channel members are partially myopic when they only consider goodwill dynamics and disregard sales evolution. We derive and compare partially myopic and forward-looking strategies with the following observations: First, under decentralized scenario, partially myopic channel members get higher profits than the forward-looking ones, while the opposite result occurs in centralized scenario. Second, when channel members are partially myopic, the distribution channel can benefit from the strategic decentralization.     

Demand forecast sharing in a dual-channel supply chain

We assess the benefits of sharing demand forecast information in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain, consisting of a traditional retail channel and a direct channel. The demand is a linear function of price with a Gaussian primary demand (i.e., zero-price market potential). Both the manufacturer and the retailer set their price based on their forecast of the primary demand. In this setting, we investigate the value of sharing demand forecasts. We analyze the ‘make-to-order’ scenario, in which prices are set before and production takes place after the primary demand is known, and the ‘make-to-stock’ scenario, in which production takes place and prices are set before the primary demand is known. We also compare the supply chain performance with and without the direct channel under some assumptions (production cost is zero, and each demand function has the same slope of price). We find that the direct channel has a negative impact on the retailer’s performance, and, under some conditions, the manufacturer and the whole supply chain are better off. Our research extends and complements prior research that has investigated only the inventory and replenishment-related benefits of information sharing.     

Channel coordination in green supply chain management

Environmental consciousness has become increasingly important in everyday life and business practice. The effort to reduce the impact of business activities on the environment has been labelled as green supply chain management. Any major greening project would require efforts on the part of the entire supply chain. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of coordinating the green supply chain. We consider the problem of coordination of a manufacturer and a retailer in a vertical supply chain, who put in efforts for ‘greening’ their operations. We address some pertinent questions in this regard such as extent of effort in greening of operations by manufacturer or retailer, level of cooperation between the two parties, and how to coordinate their operations in a supply chain. The greening efforts by the manufacturer and retailer result in demand expansion at the retail end. The decision variables of the manufacturer are wholesale price and greening effort, while those of the retailer are retail price and its greening effort. We find that the ratio of the optimal greening efforts put in by the manufacturer and retailer is equal to the ratio of their green sensitivity ratios and greening cost ratios. Further, profits and efforts are higher in the integrated channel as compared to the case of the decentralized channel. Finally, a two-part tariff contract is found to produce channel coordination in this problem. A numerical example illustrates the results.     

具有产品回收的闭环供应链差别定价策略研究

研究一个制造商与一个销售商组成的具有产品回收的闭环供应链差别定价问题.利用博弈理论对几种差别定价模型进行了分析,得到了闭环供应链成员的最优定价策略和最终利润.进一步对几种模型的效率进行了分析,发现分散式决策使得整个闭环供应链利润损失了25%,最后提出一种收益共享协调差别定价策略,使得分散式闭环供应链的效率与集成式闭环供应链效率等同.