中学物理教师开展教学研究的思考

基础教育改革涉及到课程标准、课程体系、教材建设、教学内容、教学方法以及评价等方方面面. 作为 基础教育重要组成部分的中学物理教育,如何在物理教学中落实发展学生的核心素养,将面临许多亟待研究和解 决的问题,需要一线中学物理教师不懈的探索和研究,如何开展物理教学研究,研究什么内容等,都需要认真思考     

新课程理念下高师《中学物理教学论》课程的改革与实践

面对全球基础教育改革浪潮，2001年国家教育部颁布了《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》，调整和改革基础教育的课程体系、结构、内容，构建符合素质教育要求的新的课程体系．课程改革对中学教师的教育理念、教学行为、知识结构等方面都提出了严峻的挑战．因此，高师院校的《中学物理教学论》系列课程，应积极地调整培养目标、课程结构、课程内容，改革教学方法，培养适应时代发展要求、推进素质教育实施的新型的物理教师．     

信息技术与物理教学整合的理论与实践

信息技术与学科教学的整合，是我国面向21世纪基础教育教学改革的新视点．它的研究与实践改革了传统的教学观念，为学生主体性、创造性的发挥创设了良好的基础，使学校教育朝着自主的、有特色的课程教学方向发展．那么，如何突破传统的教学模式，充分利用计算机特别是互联网带来的巨大信息量，做好信息技术与物理学科的整合工作，构建新型的教学方式，进一步以现代信息技术为基础来实现教育和教学的创新，这有待于今后长期的努力．本文谈谈我们在学习与实践中的体会．     

物理类师范生课程设置改革的基本设想

为适应新时期基础教育课程改革对物理类师范生课程设置的要求,提出了重视物理学科基础课、加强学生自主学习能力和研究能力的培养、加强教育实践课程、整体优化我国物理师范类课程体系的内部结构,以构建适应新时期基础课改要求的高师院校物理类师范生课程设置模式。     

信息技术与物理课程整合的几个层面

《基础教育课程改革纲要》要求 :要“大力推进信息技术在教学过程中的普遍应用 ,促进信息技术与学科课程的整合 ,逐步实现教学内容的呈现方式、学生的学习方式、教师的教学方式和师生互动方式的变革 ,充分发挥信息的优势 ,为学生的学习和发展提供丰富多彩的教育环境和有力的学习工具 .”可见 :信息技术与其它课程的整合是课程教学中把信息技术、信息资源、信息方法和课程内容有机结合 ,是一种新型的教学方式 .下面讨论几个具体层面上的问题 :1　信息技术与物理教学目标和内容的整合面对新世纪 ,信息处理的技能、学习能力、问题解决能力、与…     

对物理教学改革进行反思与总结

2001年,在党中央、国务院的领导下,教育部正式启动了新一轮基础教育课程改革,颁发了《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》等一系列政策文件,初步构建了符合时代要求、具有中国特色的基础教育课程体系.     

体验科学探究——物理通报编初中《物理》修订版"探索者"教学实践与体会

随着教育改革的不断深入,新一轮基础教育课程改革已进入实验推广阶段.这次课改的一个显著特点是对基础教育的总目标做了重新定位.它要求为学生的终身学习打基础,即新课程应有利于学生自主、多样、持续地发展,体现以人为本的教育理念.为此,全日制义务教育<物理课程标准>对课程理念做了这样的表述:①注重学生发展,改变学科本位;②从生活走向物理,从物理走向社会;③注重科学探究,提倡学习方式多样化;④注重学科渗透,关心科技发展.这一阐述,对物理课程价值功能做了清晰的定位.     

物理实验开放式教学的运作与思考

物理实验是融物理思想和实验技术于一体的一门实践性课程,在培养学生的科学研究、新技术适应、开拓创新能力中起着启蒙和奠基的作用.近几年来,为适应培养高质量跨世纪创新型人才的需要,我们在物理实验教学内容、课程体系改革中作了有益的探索和实践,建立了以能力培养为主线的循序渐进的多层次教学模式[1],并进行了开放式教学的研究.我们对我校98级1100余名学生实行了全开放式教学,形成了一套有效的运作方法,也给我们带来了深入改革的新思考.     

"单摆的研究"研究性教学探究

随着全国新一轮中小学课程改革的全面推进，教育界关于研究性教学开展的如火如荼．研究性教学是基础教育课堂教学改革的重要内容，作为一种教学方式，其特点是教师不把现成的结论告诉学生，而是启发学生自己发现问题，按照科学的方法进行探究，从而获取知识或应用知识解决问题．如何从教学实际出发，以学生的发展为本，加强课堂教学的研究，本文以“单摆的研究”课堂教学为例，对研究性教学做了一些探究，与各位同行商榷．     

同心协力,共同推进中学物理课程改革

当前,我国基础教育课程改革已进入大规模群众性实验阶段,从教育部到各省市教育部门,自上而下,齐抓共管,正在加大力度向纵深推进.义务教育课程标准实验教材由低年级向中、高年级发展,试验区面积不断扩大,进一步推出一批具有新的特色的课程标准教材.     

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic States and Spectra of TeH and TeLi

Gas-phase emission spectra of the hitherto unknown free radical TeLi have been measured in the NIR range with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The emissions were observed from a fast flow system in which tellurium vapor in argon carrier gas was passed through a microwave discharge and mixed with lithium vapor in an observation tube. Two systems of blue-degraded bands were measured at high spectral resolution in the ranges 8000-9000 and 5700-6700 cm(-1) and vibrational and rotational analyses were performed. In order to aid in the analysis of the experimental data, a series of relativistic configuration interaction calculations has been carried out to obtain potential curves for the low-lying states of TeLi and the isovalent TeH and also electric dipole transition moments connecting them. As in the TeH system, the ground state of TeLi is found to be X(2)Pi(i), but with a remarkably smaller spin-orbit splitting. The TeLi calculations indicate a strongly bound A(2)Sigma(+) state, while in TeH the analogous state is computed to lie significantly higher at approximately 32 000 cm(-1), and it is strongly predissociated. Based on the theoretical analysis, the observed TeLi band systems are assigned to the transitions A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(1)(2)Pi(3/2)(X(1)3/2) and A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(2)(2)Pi(1/2)(X(2)1/2). Analysis of the spectra has yielded the molecular constants (in cm(-1)) X(1)(2)Pi(3/2):omega(e)=457.49(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.482(9), B(0)=0.408908(8); X(2)(2)Pi(1/2): T(e)=2353.44(3), omega(e)=456.28(4), omega(e)x(e)=2.635(8), B(0)=0.414954(8), p(0)=1.00637(4); A(2)Sigma(+): T(e)=8574.64(2), omega(e)=437.81(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.581(8), B(0)=0.423903(8), p(0)=-0.19915(2), where the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the parameters. Comparison of the isovalent TeLi and TeH systems emphasizes that the difference in bonding character (ionic in TeLi vs covalent in TeH) is responsible for qualitative differences in the electronic spectra of these two molecules. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

NOx formation and flame velocity profiles of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol

NO formation and flame propagation are studied in premixed flames of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol through experimental measurements and direct simulation of experimental profiles. The stabilized flame is realized through the impingement of a premixed combustible jet from a contraction nozzle against a temperature-controlled plate. The velocity field is obtained by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and nitric oxide concentration profiles are measured using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), calibrated using known NO seeding levels. It is found that NO formation in n- and iso-isomers is comparable under the conditions considered, except for rich butanol mixtures, whereby NO formation is higher for iso-butanol. Generally, less NO is formed in butanol flames than in the butane flames. The experiment is simulated by a 1D chemically reacting stagnation flow model, using literature models of C1–C4 hydrocarbons [Wang et al., 2010] and butanol combustion chemistry [Sarathy et al., 2009, 2012]. NO prediction is tested using two of these mechanisms with a previously-published NO_x submechanism added into the butane and butanol models. While a good level of agreement is observed in the velocity field prediction under lean and stoichiometric conditions, discrepancies exist under rich conditions. Greater discrepancies are observed in NO prediction, except for the C1–C4 mechanism which shows good agreement with the experiment under lean and stoichiometric conditions. The current study provides data for further development of mechanisms with NO_x prediction capabilities for the fuels considered here.     

Quantum and surface properties of free films and nanoshells of molecular and atomic thicknesses

An original technology and the properties of new thin film nanoobjects, free films and shells of molecular and atomic thicknesses, are presented. Special attention is paid to shells of monoatomic or monomoleculer thickness with unique surface properties that have not been found in bulk materials.     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.     

Synthesis and characterizations of hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au

Hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au have been prepared by a simple reaction of HAuCl₄·4H₂O, NaOH and (NH₂OH)₂·H₂SO₄ in the presence of gelatin. The role of gelatin and the effect of the temperature of the reaction in producing the spherical particles of Au are discussed. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The sizes of the nanospheres of Au were estimated by the Debye–Scherrer formula according to the XRD spectrum. PACS  81.05.Bx; 81.05.Rm; 81.07.-b; 81.16.Be; 81.20.Fw     

Topological dislocation-type defects and mechanisms of plasticity and failure of nanostructured and amorphous materials

Possible mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials have been considered. It is shown that the most probable carriers of plastic deformation in these materials are macrodislocations—linear topological defects of the regular nanocrystallite packing in the nanostructure or cluster packing in amorphous materials. Continuum models are proposed to describe the processes of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials. Original Russian Text ? L.S. Vasil’ev, S.F. Lomaeva, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 128–131.     

ORSAT and modifications of SEFT and APT

Up to now, three subspectra are usually needed for the complete assignment of all signals in 13C spectrum: two DEPT spectra (phi = 90 degrees and phi = 135 degrees) and a proton decoupled spectrum. In this paper, we present a method in which a complete assignment becomes possible with merely two spectra. For this purpose, a new pulse sequence (ORSAT) has been elaborated by using off-resonance irradiation. The method described here is a further development of SEFT and APT. The second required spectrum is a DEPT (phi = 135 degrees). Signal assignment of cholesteryl acetate is demonstrated as an example. 13C routine spectroscopy can be significantly accelerated by applying this method.     

Absorption and luminescence of amino- and benzoylaminoanthraquinones

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 396–402, September, 1990.     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。