Li-Mn/WO_(3)/TiO_(2)固体酸催化剂的制备及其甲烷氧化偶联催化性能研究北大核心CSCD

Li-Mn/WO_(3)/TiO_(2)催化剂具有良好的低温OCM催化性能,采用浸渍法制备Li-Mn/WO_(3)/TiO_(2)催化剂,并详细考察WO_(3)对催化剂物理化学性质及催化性能的影响.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、CO_(2)程序升温脱附(CO_(2)-TPD)、O_(2)程序升温脱附(O_(2)-TPD)、H_(2)程序升温还原(H_(2)-TPR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征技术对催化剂进行了研究,发现WO_(3)的添加提高了C_(2)选择性,并有效抑制了深度氧化.XRD与CO_(2)-TPD结果表明,WO_(3)的添加不仅有利于金红石型TiO_(2)的形成而且能够中和催化剂表面的强碱位,从而抑制了深度氧化反应.O_(2)-TPD和H_(2)-TPR结果表明,WO_(3)的添加降低了晶格氧(O^(2-))移动性,进而提高了反应的C_(2)选择性.此外,WO_(3)的添加促使了低温氧化偶联活性物种MnTiO_(3)的形成并提高了活性物种的分散性,因此提高了催化剂甲烷氧化偶联的反应活性和选择性.所有Li-Mn/x%WO_(3)/TiO_(2)催化剂中,Li-Mn/5%WO_(3)/TiO_(2)催化剂显示出最佳的OCM反应性能.在750℃,CH_(4)∶O_(2)∶N_(2)=10∶4∶5,GHSV=2280 mL·g^(-1)·h^(-1)条件下,最高的C_(2)产物收率可达16.3%.     

THE ROLE OF LATTICE AND GASEOUS OXYGEN ON THE OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE STUDIED BY A PULSE REACTION TECHNIQUE

A comparative study of the role of lattice and gaseous oxygen in theoxidative coupling of methane over Na~ /Cao and Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3 perovskiteoxide catalysts was performed by using a pulse reaction technique with CH_4,O_2 and mixtures of CH_4and O_2.It was found that there is an oxygen species onthe Surface of Cao which is active only for the total oxidation of methane at thereaction temperature.These oxygen species.once reacted with methane andconsumed,can be regenerated by the adsorption of oxygen molecules from thegas phase or by the migration of the lattice oxysen from the bulk onto thesurface.In contrast,no such oxygen species and no reaction can be detected bymethane pulsed over Ca_xSr_(1-x)TiO_3perovskite oxide catalysts.Na~ can heavilysuppress the non-selective oxygen species on the surface,and When 5mol%Na~ was incorporated onto the surface of Cao,the sample showed no reactivityto methane.When oxygen exists in the gas phase,or the pulse containsmethane and oxygen,the reaction over(Cao is mai     

钙钛矿型复合氧化物Ca_xSr_（1－x）TiO_3催化剂上的甲烷氧化偶联反应

在固定床反应器上，评价了不同温度下钙钛矿型复合氧化物ＳｒＴｉＯ３和ＣａＴｉＯ３的组成变化对甲烷氧化偶联反应的影响．同时，利用ＸＰＳ和ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ对催化剂的结构及其氧物种的反应特性进行了表征．结果表明：ＳｒＴｉＯ３和少量Ｃａ掺杂的ＣａｘＳｒｌ－ｘＴｉＯ３有利于在较低温度（９２３Ｋ）下催化反应的活性和选择性，而ＣａＴｉＯ３体系则在高温（１０７３Ｋ）下表现出较好的活性和选择性．钙钛矿型复合氧化物ＳｒＴｉＯ３和ＣａＴｉＯ３组成变化对不同温度下反应活性的影响与ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ的脱附谱图有很好的平行关系．     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO_2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以ＴｉＯ２为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对Ｈ２的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性．采用脉冲－质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂脉冲ＣＨ４,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关．ＣＨ４与Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ｎ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能．     

MCl2-TiO2-SnO2 (M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) 催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的研究

选用不同的碱土金属氯化物为原料,采用共研磨的方法制备出了具有不同表面碱性的MCl2-TiO2-SnO2(M=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)催化剂,并考察了催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能.通过N2吸脱附(BET)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,随碱土金属元素的不同,催化剂呈现出了强弱不同的碱性吸附位.催化剂表面的碱性对活化甲烷具有促进作用,同时也带来乙烯深度氧化副反应的发生.碱量越大的弱碱性吸附位对甲烷的活化越有利,而强碱性吸附位则能导致催化剂活性降低,甚至是催化剂失活.乙烯的选择性与催化剂表面晶格氧的相对浓度密切相关.表面晶格氧的相对浓度较高的催化剂,其乙烯选择性也较大.     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt/CeO2/Al_2O_3催化剂的研究(英文)

研究了Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化活性，发现Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３显示了比Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３更高的甲烷转化率和合成气选择性。用Ｈ２ＴＰＲ，Ｈ２ＴＰＤ，ＳＥＭ和ＸＲＤ等手段和技术对催化剂进行了表征。ＣｅＯ２与Ｐｔ之间存在较强的相互作用（ＳＭＳＩ），这种作用促进了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的分散，抑制了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的迁移，大大降低了催化剂在反应中的完全燃烧活性，提高了催化剂的部分氧化活性和选择性，避免了因催化剂床层局部温度过高而导致催化剂活性下降或失活，提高了催化剂的稳定性。同时，在反应过程中，ＣｅＯ２通过促进水蒸气变换反应（ＷＧＳＲ）的进行使反应体系迅速达到平衡，提高了催化剂对Ｈ２的选择性。     

甲烷氧化偶联反应催化剂碱性与反应性能的相关性

在催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能研究的基础上，利用ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ技术考察了不同的碱金属化合物－Ｌａ２Ｏ３／ＢａＣｏ３催化剂的表面碱性。结果表明，ＢａＣＯ３的协同作用，碱金属化合物的添加都增大了催化剂表面碱性的强度，也增加了碱性位的数量。     

Interaction of Methane and Oxygen with the Surface of Manganese Oxide-Containing Catalysts

We used pulsed reduction and temperature programmed oxidation to study the interaction of methane and oxygen with the surface of manganese oxide-containing catalysts. We hypothesized that during oxidative dimerization of methane, the phase supplying strongly bound oxygen for selective methane coupling is an acceptor for weakly bound oxygen of the phase catalyzing exhaustive oxidation.     

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas Using Lattice Oxygen of La1-xSrxFeO3

Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas using the lattice oxygen of La1-xSrxFeO3 perovskite oxide catalysts in place of molecular oxygen was studied. La1-xSrxFeO3 (x＝0, 0.1, 0.2,0.5) perovskite oxides were prepared by the "auto-combustion method". XRD analysis showed that all La1-xSrxFeO3 samples have a single-phase perovskite-type oxide. The redox properties of the catalysts were investigated by temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen (H2-TPR). Reducibility of the catalysts increase with the increasing of the Sr2+ content. The oxygen species of the catalysts and their reaction with CH4 were studied by the temperature programmed surface reaction (CH4-TPSR). In the absence of gas phase oxygen, there exist two kinds of oxygen species on the catalysts. One kind of the oxygen species with strong oxidative ability is produced first, which can oxidize CH4 completely to CO2 and H2O.Then, the second oxygen species with weak oxidative ability is formed, which can oxidize CH4 partially to CO and H2 with high selectivity. The number of the oxygen species with strong oxidative ability in the CH4-TPSR tends to become zero at low x values (x≤0.1). Under suitable reaction conditions, switching alternatively the reactions of 11% O2-Ar and 11% CH4-He over a La0.sSr0.2FeO3 catalyst at 900 ℃ allows methane to be selectively converted to synthesis gas (CH4 conversion ～90%, CO selectivity ＞93%) using the lattice oxygen of the perovskite oxide catalyst in a redox mode.     

Effect of calcination temperature on structure and performance of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst for CO2 reforming of methane

The influence of calcination temperature on the structure and catalytic behavior of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst, for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas under atmospheric pressure, was investigated. The results showed that the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ℃ had high and stable activity while the catalysts calcined at 550 and 850 ℃ had low and unstable activity. Depending on the calcination temperature, one, two, or three of the following Ni-containing species, NiO, Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4, and NiTiO3 were identified by combining the temperature programmed reduction （TPR） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） results. Their reducibility decreased in the sequence： NiO〉Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4〉NiTiO3. It suggests that high and stable activities observed over the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ~C were induced by the formation of Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4 and smaller NiO species crystallite size.     

Cu、K助剂对FeMn/SiO2催化费托合成的影响

研究了Cu、K助剂对共沉淀型FeMn/SiO2催化剂还原行为、吸附行为及费托(F-T)合成活性和选择性的影响. Cu助剂以与Fe、Mn、SiO2共沉淀的方式引入, 而K助剂是在喷雾干燥前均匀加入沉淀浆料引入的. 结果表明, Cu可明显提高催化剂的还原性能, K助剂能促进催化剂在CO中的还原但抑制在H2中的还原, 而同时加入Cu和K会进一步促进催化剂在H2或CO中的还原; Cu助剂能促进H2吸附而K助剂对H2吸附无明显影响; Cu在一定程度上提高了F-T合成活性, 缩短了反应诱导期, K明显促进了CO的转化而相对抑制了H2的转化, 并且延长了反应的诱导期, Cu与K协同作用不仅提高反应的转化率而且缩短了反应的诱导期; K使得烃产物平均分子量增加, Cu单独对烃产物分布影响不明显, 而与K共同作用会进一步增加烃产物的分子量.     

甲烷在SrO－La_2O_3／CaO催化剂上的氧化偶联──IV．热点温度效应和反应气中添加CO_2的影响

研究了甲烷在ＬＣ和ＳＬＣ催化剂体系上氧化偶联反应过程的热效应现象和反应气中添加ＣＯ２对催化剂反应行为的影响．在不使用稀释气的情况下，当反应温度由８７３升至９２３Ｋ时，反应活性存在一个突变点．这主要是由ＣＨ４燃烧反应放出大量热使催化剂床层的局部温度很高，形成一个局部过热区，因此引发甲烷氧化偶联．此即所谓热点温度效应，它严重影响催化剂活性评价结果的可靠性和重复性．在反应气中添加ＣＯ２对ＬＣ几乎无影响；由于ＳＬＣ中各组分与ＣＯ２作用生成碳酸盐，使催化剂表面氧浓度显著减少，导致催化剂的反应活性大大降低和严重失活．     

氧化镧催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联—不同制备方法的比较

本文研究了５种不同制法的Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３对甲烷氧化偶联的催化性能，其Ｃ＿２选择性和Ｃ＿２收率的相对顺序为：Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３（１）＞Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３（２）＞Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３（４）＞Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３（５）＞Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３（３）。并运用ＸＲＵ、ＸＰＳ、ＣＯ＿２－ＴＰＤ、ＮＨ＿３－ＴＰＤ和ＩＰＡ转化反应等技术分别对催化剂的体相结构和表面性质，表面酸碱性进行了测定。结果表明，由于制备方法的不同，导致了Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３晶体表面结构的差异，这是影响催化性能的主要原因。同时还发现，催化剂的活性和Ｃ＿２选择性与表面酸碱性存在着相依性，Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３表面的总碱位数与总酸位数的比值，与其催化性能有较好的直接对应关系。     

STUDIES OF CATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANE TO SYNTHESIS GAS

llltcractlOllIntroductionNaturalgas.oft"hichthemajorconstituentismethane.hasbeenusedtoproduces'.nthcsisgasonalargeindustrialscaleforseveraldecades-mostl}'insteamreformingreaction(SR)t'.hichsuffersfromthedisadvantageofhighHZ/COratio(>4-whichis11otsuitablef…     

Product oriented oxidative bromination of methane over Rh/SiO_2 catalysts

Rh/SiO2 was prepared for the oxidative bromination of methane. The catalyst was prepared by calcination at different temperatures and for different times to obtain catalysts with different specific surface areas for the purposes of producing either CH3Br or CH3Br and CO. It was found that the catalyst having a low specific surface area (calcined at relatively high temperature) favors the selective oxidation of methane to prepare CH3Br, while the catalyst having a high specific surface area favors the deeper partial oxidation of methane, which is good for CH3Br and CO preparation.The 650 h on stream life-time test revealed that the catalytic performance of the 0.4Rh/SiO2-900-10 catalyst was excellent.Both methane conversion and CH3Br selectivity kept increasing trends during the life-time test.No matter how serious was the Rh leaching during the reaction,the 0.4Rh/SiO2-900-10 catalyst did not deactivate at all.     

Catalysis by Using TiO2 Nanoparticles and Nanotubes

TiO2 has attracted considerable attention due to its stability, non-toxicity, low cost, and great potential for use as a photocatalyst in environmental applications. Since strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) of titania-supported noble metals was first reported in 1978, titania supported catalyst has been intensively studied in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the effective catalytic activity was restricted due to the low surface area of TiO2. Recently, TiO2-based nanotubes were extensively investigated because of their potentials in many areas such as highly efficient photocatalysis and hydrogen sensor.In the present study, formation of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes was carried out by hydrothermal method, with TiO2 nanoparticle-powders immersed in concentrated NaOH solution in an autoclave at 110 ℃. Preparation of nano-size Pt on TiO2-nanoparticles or TiO2-nanotubes was performed by photochemical deposition method with UV irradiation on an aqueous solution containing TiO2 and hexachloroplatinic acid or tetrachloroauric acid. The TEM micrographs show that TiO2-nanotubes exhibit ～300 nm in length with an inner diameter of ～ 6 nm and the wall thickness of ～ 2 nm, and homogeneous nanosize Pt particles (～ 2 nm) were well-dispersed on both nanoparticle- and nanotube- titania supports. It also shows the nanotube morphology was retained up2o n Pt-immobilization. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K resulted a high surface area (～ 200m/g) of TiO2-nanotubes, which is about 40 times greater than that of "mother" TiO2 nanoparticles (～5 m/g). All the spectroscopic results exhibited that the nanotube structure was not significantly affected by the immobilized Pt particles. Ti K-edge XANES spectra of TiO2 nanotube and Pt/TiO2-nanotube represent that most titanium are in a tetrahedral coordination with few retained in the octahedral structure.In the in-situ FT-IR experiments, an IR cell was evacuated to a pressure of 10-5 torr at room temperature as soon as the catalyst-pellet, Pt/TiO2 or Pt/TiO2-nanotube, was placed inside the cell.Then, 60 torr of hydrogen was introduced into the cell and subsequently the temperature was programmed to increase from room temperature to 300℃ at a constant heating rate of 5℃/min.For Pt/TiO2, an IR peak at 2083 em-1 started to appear at 200℃ with a maximum intensity at 250℃ and then decreasing as temperature increased. The 2083 em-1 IR peak corresponds to the linearly adsorption of CO on the well-dispersed Pt sites. Simultaneously, the IR bands of gaseous methane at 3016 em-1 started to appear at 225℃ and the peak intensity increased with temperature. The results reveal that Pt/TiO2 can adsorb gaseous CO2 and further catalyzes the reduction of CO2 by H2 through the intermediate CO, which further produces gaseous methane. While for the Pt/TiO2-nanotube catalyst, methane was produced at relatively low temperature, 100℃, and it catalyzed the direct conversion of CO2 to CH4. The absence of intermediate CO-adsorption signals durinng the temperature programmed process indicates that the prepared TiO2 nanotube-supported nanosize Pt possesses a potent capability for CO2 adsorption and highly catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of CO2, and was superior to the conventional Pt/TiO2 catalyst. The catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2-nanotube was indeed significantly enhanced by the high surface area of TiO2-nanotubes.Details will be discussed.     

Product oriented oxidative bromination of methane over Rh/SiO2 catalysts

Rh/SiO2 was prepared for the oxidative bromination of methane. The catalyst was prepared by calcination at different temperatures and for different times to obtain catalysts with different specific surface areas for the purposes of producing either CH3Br or CH3Br and CO. It was found that the catalyst having a low specific surface area (calcined at relatively high temperature) favors the selective oxidation of methane to prepare CH3Br, while the catalyst having a high specific surface area favors the deeper partial oxidation of methane, which is good for CH3Br and CO preparation. The 650 h on stream life-time test revealed that the catalytic performance of the 0.4Rh/SiO2--900-10 catalyst was excellent. Both methane conversion and CH3Br selectivity kept increasing trends during the life-time test. No matter how serious was the Rh leaching during the reaction, the 0.4Rh/SiO2--900-10 catalyst did not deactivate at all.     

甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的反应机理

借助脉冲反应、质谱-程序升温表面反应（MS-TPSR）等技术研究了Ni／α-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气（POM）的反应机理．结果表明,NiO上CH4不能解离产生H2只有当NiO被CH4还原为Ni0后,CH4才能解高产生H2,Ni0是CH4活化和POM反应的活性相;POM反应机理遵循直接氧化机理,CH4和O2均在Ni0上活化,活化过程形成的Ni…C和Niδ…Oδ物种是反应历程中的关键物种,Niδ …Oδ物种高选择性地与CH4解离产生的碳物种Ni…C反应生成CO．     

担载型钌催化剂吸附CO性能的原位红外研究

用原位红外研究了ＣＯ的吸附与脱附，ＣＯ／Ｈ２的共吸附及反应，考察了焙烧温度对Ｒｕ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３及Ｒｕ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂的影响，结果表明，经不同温度焙烧的催化剂样品，其吸附性能有很大差别。随着焙烧温度的升高，金属－载体相互作用增强，导致ＣＯ吸附量减少。Ｒｕ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３吸附的ＣＯ较稳定，而Ｒｕ／ＳｉＯ２吸附的ＣＯ在高温易脱附。各不同ＣＯ吸会态间、多重态更易发生反应。在未焙烧的Ｒｕ／ＳｉＯ２低ＣＯ／Ｈ２反应