三维燃烧介质和壁面温度的非接触联合重建研究

温度分布在线实时测量对于燃烧过程优化和污染物控制具有重要意义, 针对以往非接触三维温度分布重建过程的耗时性问题和忽略壁面辐射的不足, 本文提出了一种新的离散重建模型, 用于三维吸收、 发射和散射性高温燃烧介质以及壁面温度的快速联合非接触测量. 该模型以四个CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 为测量传感器, 通过构建辐射逆问题求解方程, 从CCD输出的辐射投影图像重建温度分布. 介质中不同投影方向内的辐射传递过程通过离散传递法来描述, 介质的散射和壁面反射则通过离散坐标法来近似. 离散后计算局部辐射强度的病态方程通过最小二乘余量法来求解, 论文对其计算速度进行了优化. 通过非对称温度分布测量算例分析了该模型的有效性, 讨论了测量噪音、 介质和壁面辐射特性对重建精度的影响, 并与其他方法对比分析了模型的重建速度. 计算结果表明本文提出的离散模型可以有效地用于大型高温燃烧介质和壁面温度分布的联合非接触测量. 即使在有噪声的情况下, 该模型也能获得准确的测量结果, 与其他计算方法相比, 采用改进的最小二乘余量法, 能有效地提高温度分布的重建计算速度.     

基于新型混合场积分方程的半空间三维均匀介质目标电磁散射分析

利用介质半空间格林函数,将一种混合场积分方程(JMCFIE)推广应用到有耗半空间的均匀介质的散射分析中,以减少离散矩阵方程迭代求解时所需的迭代步数,提高矩量法(MoM)对半空间介质目标散射分析的求解效率.数值算例验证了方法的准确性和有效性.     

积分方程法与求解谐振频率的声散射

表面Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ积分公式可以有效地求解物体的辐射声场和散射声场，但并不是在任何频率下都能得到满意的结果。当波数等于或接近目标内部问题的特征值时，将产生非唯一解，严重影响求解的准确性。本文根据混合Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ积分公式，用最小平方正交法有效地求解谐振频率的声散射。文中以圆柱和椭圆柱的声散射为例进行了计算，并讨论了目标内附加计算点的选取问题。     

平面上方二维介质目标对高斯波束的电磁散射研究

基于矩量法、互易性定理及镜像理论,提出了一种新的混合方法用于研究水平分界面上方二维介质目标对垂直入射高斯波束的差值散射场.应用镜像理论,介质水平分界面可被原始目标相对于该分界面的镜像目标所替代,从而给出散射问题的等效模型.在等效模型中,应用矩量法求解了原始目标及镜像目标对高斯波束的散射场,同时结合互易性定理得到了原目标与其镜像目标之间的耦合散射场.数值计算结果与相关文献方法及MoM所得结果进行了比较,验证了该混合方法的有效性. 关键词： 互易性定理 电磁散射 高斯波束 二维目标     

非均匀散射层矢量辐射传输(VRT)方程高阶散射解的迭代法

将散射介质层在z轴方向划分成薄层，用薄层的一阶散射强度、Fourier变换和迭代方法求解散射介质整层的矢量辐射传输(VRT)方程的高阶散射解.该方法将一阶散射与高阶散射迭代结合起来，计算公式简明，可计算高阶迭代解，计算时间少.计算结果与一层均匀散射介质的VRT方程一阶Mueller矩阵解、半空间均匀散射介质二阶Mueller矩阵解、以及离散坐标-特征值特征矢量法的VRT热辐射的数值解作了全面的比较.提出并讨论了非均匀散射层主动与被动VRT方程的高阶解.本计算程序可以通用于非球形粒子多层结构及非均匀介质的散射和热辐射计算. 关键词： VRT方程 分层 迭代解     

结合计算层析与光学相干层析测量折射率分布

通过将计算层析技术与光学相干层析技术相结合,测量散射介质非均匀折射率分布。该方法测量散射样品折射率分布时,通过光学相干层析技术测量散射样品折射率分布在多个方向上的投影,采用计算层析技术实现对样品折射率分布的层析重建,克服了传统折射率光学测量方法如单纯的基于光学相干层析原理的焦点追迹法和光程匹配法,不能测量散射介质非均匀折射率分布的缺点。采用该方法在实验中对梯度折射率棒的径向相对折射率分布进行层析重建,取得了较好的实验结果。     

基于压缩感知的目标频空电磁散射特性快速分析

矩量法是求解目标电磁散射问题的一种常用数值方法,因其精度较高而被广泛应用.应用矩量法求解目标频空电磁散射特性时,随着入射波的角度和频率的变化,需要间隔很小的角度和频率步长反复求解矩量法生成的矩阵方程,运算量极大.为解决此类问题,本文结合压缩感知理论和渐近波形估计形成一种新的有效计算方法.首先,基于压缩感知理论引入一种富含空间信息的新型入射源,其次,在该入射源照射下应用渐近波形估计技术求解,从而快速实现目标频空电磁散射特性分析.     

金属纳米柱天线的快速电磁分析

基于分段正弦基函数和矩量法,通过求解离散电流节点格林函数的封闭解得到金属纳米柱天线激发表面等离子体的阻抗矩阵.与使用其它基函数矩量法相比,该方法可以减少矩阵方程的维数.仿真结果表明:使用此方法只需求解很小的矩阵方程就可以求解出纳米天线表面极化电流,从而实现对纳米天线的散射特征及谐振模式的快速分析;其结果与时域有限差分仿真结果吻合良好且速度具有显著的优势,尤其在计算斜入射问题时计算优势更加明显.本文的方法对文中计算的模型有效,同样为其他形状纳米柱天线和碳纳米管器件散射特性仿真提供了快速有效的电磁分析方法.     

光学薄膜的分层界面散射模型

提出了一种计算光学介质膜系表面总积分散射(TIS)的理论模型。该模型认为,介质膜系粗糙的膜层界面和表面为微观结构不均匀的微薄过渡区;过渡区可用折射率为不同常量的层数足够多的均匀子层来代替,同时这些均匀子层的折射率变化满足指数函数的分布规律。利用矩阵法对积分散射的表达式进行了推导。对于电子束蒸发方法在K9玻璃上沉积的ZrO2单层膜,分层界面散射模型对积分散射的理论计算值要比非相关表面散射模型的计算值更加符合总积分散射仪的实验测量结果。     

各向异性焊缝中超声相控阵瞬态声场仿真及缺陷定位方法

针对多层各向异性奥氏体不锈钢焊缝中超声相控阵瞬态声场的仿真问题,提出应用高斯声束等效点源模型计算宽带离散化的多个单频稳态声场,通过傅里叶变换将其拓展为瞬态声场,并分析了声场转换过程的主要影响参数。该方法可快速计算焊缝内部超声相控阵聚焦声场的瞬态能量分布和任意一点的时域波形信号。在此基础上针对多层奥氏体不锈钢焊缝内部缺陷的超声相控阵成像检测问题,提出利用上述时域高斯声束法对多通道缺陷散射信号进行时间反转计算,并根据时域声场焦点确定缺陷位置。最后通过实验,验证使用此方法检测实际奥氏体不锈钢焊缝试块内部缺陷的效果。结果表明,提出的方法能够确定缺陷位置,且计算速度快、运算量小,适合作为多层介质内部缺陷实时成像的声场仿真模型。      

Padé approximants and their application to scattering from fluid media

In this work, a numerical method for modeling the scattered acoustic pressure from fluid occlusions is described. The method is based on the asymptotic series expansion of the pressure expressed in terms of sound speed contrast between the host medium and entrained fluid occlusions. Pade? approximants are used to extend the applicability of the result for larger values of sound speed contrast. For scattering from a circular cylinder, an improvement in convergence between the exact and numerical solutions is demonstrated. In the case of scattering from an inhomogeneous medium, a numerical solution with reduced order of Pade? approximants is presented.     

Sound field of thermoacoustic tomography based on a modified finite-difference time-domain method

A modified finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method is proposed for the sound field simulation of the thermoacoustic tomography （TAT） in the acoustic speed inhomogeneous medium. First, the basic equations of the TAT are discretized to difference ones by the FDTD. Then the electromagnetic pulse, the excitation source of the TAT, is modified twice to eliminate the error introduced by high frequency electromagnetic waves. Computer simulations are carried out to validate this method. It is shown that the FDTD method has a better accuracy than the commonly used time-of-flight （TOF） method in the TAT with the inhomogeneous acoustic speed. The error of the FDTD is ten times smaller than that of the TOF in the simulation for the acoustic speed difference larger than 50%. So this FDTD method is an efficient one for the sound field simulation of the TAT and can provide the theoretical basis for the study of reconstruction algorithms of the TAT in the acoustic heterogeneous medium.     

Modeling the propagation of nonlinear three-dimensional acoustic beams in inhomogeneous media

A three-dimensional model of the forward propagation of nonlinear sound beams in inhomogeneous media, a generalized Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation, is described. The Texas time-domain code (which accounts for paraxial diffraction, nonlinearity, thermoviscous absorption, and absorption and dispersion associated with multiple relaxation processes) was extended to solve for the propagation of nonlinear beams for the case where all medium properties vary in space. The code was validated with measurements of the nonlinear acoustic field generated by a phased array transducer operating at 2.5 MHz in water. A nonuniform layer of gel was employed to create an inhomogeneous medium. There was good agreement between the code and measurements in capturing the shift in the pressure distribution of both the fundamental and second harmonic due to the gel layer. The results indicate that the numerical tool described here is appropriate for propagation of nonlinear sound beams through weakly inhomogeneous media.     

On the possibility of using acoustic reverberation for remote sensing of ocean dynamics

The two-point correlation function of diffuse noise fields produced by distributed random sound sources carries useful information on the medium of sound propagation. Such information can be used for performing passive acoustic tomography of the ocean. In a number of cases that are important for practice, the noise field in the ocean is predominated by contributions of individual point sources. Here, a theoretical study is presented on the possibility of determining the sound speed and current velocity in the water column by the correlation processing of reverberation signals measured by two vertical receiving arrays. In other words, we study the possibility of replacing the diffuse noise produced by a great number of delta-correlated sources by waves generated by a localized source and scattered at the rough surface and bottom of the ocean for sensing the medium. The correlation function of scattered waves is calculated by using the method of small perturbations. It is shown that the correlation processing of the scattered waves offers an opportunity of measuring the acoustic nonreciprocity and reconstructing the field of sound speed in the fluid, without using any acoustiLc transceivers.     

Coherence function and mean field of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence

Inhomogeneity and anisotropy are intrinsic characteristics of daytime and nighttime atmospheric turbulence. For example, turbulent eddies are often stretched in the direction of the mean wind, and the turbulence statistics depends on the height above the ground. Recent studies have shown that the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of plane and spherical sound waves are significantly affected by turbulence inhomogeneity and anisotropy. The present paper is devoted to studies of the mean sound field and the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature and velocity fluctuations. These statistical moments of a sound field are important in many practical applications, e.g., for source detection, ranging, and recognition. Formulas are derived for the mean sound field and coherence function of initially arbitrary waveform. Using the latter formula, we also obtained formulas for the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves. All these formulas coincide with those known in the literature for two limiting cases: homogeneous isotropic turbulence with temperature and wind velocity fluctuations, and inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature fluctuations only. Using the formulas obtained, we have numerically shown that turbulence inhomogeneity significantly affects the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves.     

逆向傅里叶衍射定理快速预报水下目标三维声散射指向分布

提出逆向运用傅里叶衍射定理预报水下弱散射目标三维声散射指向分布的快速计算方法。依据目标形状、周围介质的密度和声速构建三维声场图像模型,建立散射远场积分结果与图像频域幅值的关系式,提取频域中半径为水中波数k;的球型表面上的幅值,获得精细化的宽带、全方位散射声压指向特性。数值计算表明:将傅里叶衍射定理逆向运用于解决声学正问题,适用于分层的、不均匀的、非规则及多体弱散射目标散射声场的求解。通过插值提取频域样本获得远场声压的方法,避免了有限元法(3D-FEM)所必须的大规模的网格划分和迭代运算,可以有效地减少计算成本并拓展散射频率响应的带宽。在水池中完成两种具有不同声学参数和形状目标指向性测试实验,得到散射声压指向性幅度函数与理论预报相一致。      

An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous,moving fluid

The idea of similarity between acoustic fields in a moving fluid and in a certain "effective" quiescent medium, first put forward by Lord Rayleigh, proved very helpful in understanding and modeling sound propagation in an atmosphere with winds and in an ocean with currents, as well as in other applications involving flows with small velocity compared to sound speed. Known as effective sound speed approximation, the idea is routinely utilized in the contexts of the ray theory, normal mode representation of the sound field, and the parabolic approximation. Despite the wide use of the concept of effective sound speed in acoustics of moving media, no theoretical justification of Rayleigh's idea was published that would be independent of the chosen representation of the sound field and uniformly apply to distinct propagation regimes. In this paper, we present such a justification by reducing boundary conditions and a wave equation governing sound fields in the inhomogeneous moving fluid with a slow flow to boundary conditions and a wave equation in a quiescent fluid with effective sound speed and density. The derivation provides insight into validity conditions of the concept of effective quiescent fluid. Introduction of effective density in conjunction with effective sound speed is essential to ensure accurate reproduction of acoustic pressure amplitude in the effective medium. Effective parameters depend on sound speed, flow velocity, and density of the moving fluid as well as on sound propagation direction. Conditions are discussed under which the dependence on the propagation direction can be avoided or relaxed.     

单层传声器阵列信号空间重采样的声波分离方法

为了重构非自由声场中目标声源的声场响应,提出单层传声器阵列信号空间重采样的声波分离方法.以球面波函数为基函数,建立由系列球面波函数叠加表达的声场数学模型.基于近场声全息原理,利用单层传声器阵列面上空间重采样形成的两组声压测量信号,求解基函数系数,并重构出传声器阵列两侧声源各自的声场响应,实现声波分离.使用脉动球和振动球共同作用的非自由声场,检验了数学模型以及传声器信号信噪比、传声器阵列形状和面积、声源中心位置、频率等关键参数对声波分离精度的影响,并在全消声室内进行了实验验证.最后,对单层传声器阵列重采样的声波分离方法的实施给出了建议.     

Spherical wave propagation through inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence: log-amplitude and phase correlations

Inhomogeneity and anisotropy are intrinsic characteristics of daytime and nighttime turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the present paper, line-of-sight sound propagation through inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence with temperature and velocity fluctuations is considered. Starting from a parabolic equation and using the Markov approximation, formulas are derived for the correlation functions and variances of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of a spherical sound wave. These statistical moments of a sound field are important for many practical applications in atmospheric acoustics. The derived formulas for the correlation functions and variances generalize those already known in the literature for two limiting cases: (a) homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, and (b) inhomogeneous, anisotropic turbulence with temperature fluctuations only. Furthermore, the formulas differ from those for the case of plane wave propagation. Using the derived formulas and Mann's spectral tensor of velocity fluctuations for shear-driven turbulence, the correlation functions and variances of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations are studied numerically. The results obtained clearly show that turbulence inhomogeneity and anisotropy significantly affect sound propagation in the atmosphere.     

一种考虑声线弯曲的温度场重建算法

声波在非均匀温度场中传播时会由于声波的折射而产生声线弯曲现象。为提高非均匀温度场声学CT (Computer Tomography)重建精度,提出一种考虑声线弯曲的重建算法。首先用最小二乘法获得一个不考虑声线弯曲的重建温度场,然后用打靶-插值法确定本征声线出射角,用三角形前向展开法追踪声线,获得此温度场中声波发射/接收器间的本征声线,建立本征声线上声波传播时间与温度分布间的关系,进而实现考虑声线弯曲的最小二乘法温度场重建。单峰、双峰温度场仿真重建结果表明:所采用的本征声线追踪法计算简单运行速度快;考虑声线弯曲后,可明显提高温度场重建精度。因此所提重建算法能更好地适应实际温度场重建需求。