修正一阶Born近似改进水中弱散射目标的散射声场预报

在推导Fourier衍射定理中运用一阶Born近似时忽略了弱散射体内外的波数差异,使散射声场方向特性的预报产生较大误差,针对这一问题,对一阶Born近似进行修正。考虑散射体内外波数差异引起的幅度和相位误差,通过调整频域采样圆弧半径并移动圆心位置得到了修正的一阶Born近似解。由于更准确地反映了目标与周围水介质的声学性质,有效提高了散射声场的预报精度。根据修正的Born近似计算了弱散射条件下无限长圆柱目标的散射远场指向性,结果与严格解相吻合,对其它形状截面的柱状目标也得到了合理的计算结果。      

水下双层加肋圆柱壳全空间收发分置散射声场快速预报方法

针对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的全空间收发分置散射声场求解,提出了一种快速预报方法。该方法将散射声场表示为声散射传递函数与声源密度函数的乘积,以目标表面网格信息、少量的仿真或测试多基地散射声压数据作为已知信息,借助数值积分、矩阵理论、最小二乘法对其他收发分置散射声场进行预报。分别以有限元仿真和试验测试的散射声压数据作为输入,对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的多基地散射声场进行了计算,并与完全采用有限元方法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:该方法在目标表面结构和部分散射声场数据已知条件下能对目标的全空间收发分置散射声场进行预报;已知散射声压数据量越多,计算频率越低,预报精度越高。     

水下掩埋目标的散射声场计算与实验

水下掩埋目标声散射问题是识别和探测掩埋目标的理论基础, 是声散射研究领域的热点问题. 本文基于射线声学推导了掩埋情况下目标声散射计算的格林函数近似式, 并在此基础上进一步给出了相应的远场积分公式. 在有限元方法的基础上, 将推导得到的公式写入有限元仿真软件, 对软件功能进行拓展, 构建二维轴对称目标的声散射模型, 并计算掩埋情况下弹性实心球在不同条件下的目标强度, 获得了其散射声场随频率、掩埋深度、沙层吸收系数等参数的变化规律. 开展实心球的自由空间和浅掩埋条件下水池声散射实验, 利用共振隔离技术处理实验数据, 提取目标声散射的纯弹性共振特征进行分析, 结果表明可将其用于掩埋目标识别和探测. 最后利用总散射声场与理论计算结果进行对比, 验证了理论仿真的正确性.     

声源分布和超声频率对清洗声场均匀性的优化*

驻波和换能器指向性等影响声场均匀性,造成清洗死角,影响清洗效果。采用COMSOL仿真软件建立了单个换能器位于底部的三维模型,通过染色法实验结果验证模型的有效性。研究了换能器同时位于底部和侧面、多排换能器位于底部时的声场,用声压幅值相对标准差来量化均匀性,发现该两种换能器分布方式能够有效优化声场均匀性。通过调节频率研究频率对声场的影响,进一步优化声场均匀性。对声源分布的确定、频率的选择以满足声场均匀化需求有指导意义。     

收发分置目标强度的计算及前向散射信号的分离

研究时域有限差分(FDTD)法计算收发分置弹性目标散射声场的有效性,和实验测量中从直达与散射干涉信号中分离目标前向散射信号的方法。将FDTD法应用于三维声场计算,分别计算了平顶圆柱、球顶圆柱、球锥顶圆柱和扁长回转椭球等几种不同形状的弹性体散射近场空间分布,再用近远场变换方法获取远场目标强度空间分布。模拟结果表明:目标强度的空间指向性是受声波入射方向、无量纲波数kL(k-波数,L-目标特征尺度)、目标形状、材料等影响;在本文所计算的几种不同形状目标的尺度和kL取值范围内,计算得到的收发分置目标强度空间分布均有显著的前向散射与镜反射特征。计算结果得到解析解和实验结果的印证,从而表明了FDTD法计算收发分置目标散射场的有效性。对接收信号采用相关处理方法,能有效地分离出目标前向散射信号,表明对于收发分置目标散射声强的测量,这是一种简单有效的分离目标前向散射信号的方法。      

非对称阻抗插入管消声器的Chebyshev-变分法建模与求解

针对非对称阻抗插入管消声器三维理论建模与求解问题,提出了一种半解析变分建模和求解方法,试验及有限元结果验证了理论模型和求解结果的正确性,开展了模态频率、声压响应及传递损失等声场特性的预测分析。首先构建插入管消声器内部子声场拉格朗日泛函,基于声压与质点振速连续性条件,得到插入管消声器三维理论模型。随后,将子声场声压展开为切比雪夫-傅里叶级数组合形式,按里兹法求得消声器三维声场模态信息。搭建了消声器传递损失试验平台,进行了刚性壁面和阻抗壁面消声器传递损失测试试验,对理论模型和计算结果进行了验证。通过算例分析了壁面阻抗的大小、阻抗面积和分布形式以及插入管偏置对消声器消声性能的影响。结果表明,提出的变分建模求解方法是有效的,对消声器壁面阻抗位置和形式的合理设置可有效降低输出声压。      

高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场模拟

建立了高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场计算模型, 并采用有限元方法计算了20 kHz超声直接作用下AZ91D熔体的声场分布, 熔体声场呈辐射状分布, 距离声源越远, 声压幅值越低. 采用超声作用下单一气泡变化模型描述超声作用下AZ91D 熔体中的空化效应, 通过对Rayleigh-Plesset方程的求解, 得到了不同声压作用下气泡的变化规律, 获得了声压幅值与熔体空化效应的关系, 声压幅值越大, 气泡溃灭半径阈值越小, 熔体发生空化效应越容易. 计算了固定坩埚尺寸、不同超声探头没入熔体深度情况下的声场, 得到了超声探头最优没入深度为30 mm左右. 将声场计算结果以及AZ91D熔体中空化效应的发生规律进行综合分析, 得到了超声功率对有效空化区域的影响规律, 超声功率较大时, 有效空化区域体积随超声功率近似成线性增大. 最后, 通过甘油水溶液超声处理实验, 验证了模拟计算的准确性.     

考虑任意阻抗壁面条件管腔结构声场特性分析

针对任意阻抗壁面条件一维管腔声学系统建模,对系统动力学特性进行预报。为了满足阻抗边界条件对声压一阶导数连续性要求,管腔声压函数通过在标准傅里叶级数端点位置引入边界光滑辅助多项式进行构建。结合壁面阻抗声学边界和管腔声学Helmholtz控制微分方程得到强形式标准特征值问题,获得相应的声学模态信息。在数值仿真中,通过算例给出各种边界条件下管腔声学模态频率、声压振型、声压和质点振速频率响应曲线,与现有文献中相关结果进行对比,充分验证了本文求解方法的正确性和有效性,证明该方法可对任意阻抗壁面条件管腔系统声学特性进行准确预报。     

边界积分方程法求解目标的声散射T矩阵

提出了计算任意表面形状刚性边界目标散射的基于边界积分方程的T矩阵方法(TMM-BIE).利用Helmholtz积分方程法(HIEM)计算目标表面声场,替代扩展边界法(EBCM)计算中对目标表面声场的近似处理,解决了扩展边界法不能计算任意形状目标的散射T矩阵问题.文中计算了刚性边界的球目标、有限长圆柱目标以及非对称的三维散射体-猫眼(cat's-eye)模型的散射指向性和T矩阵.通过与解析解和HIEM结果比较,证明该方法的有效性.     

斜入射激光支持燃烧波时纵波声场的指向性

利用理论推导及实验验证的方法研究了激光倾斜入射支持燃烧波时纵波声场的指向性。根据激光超声的产生机理, 在喷溅物质垂直作用于工件表面的前提条件下, 推导了椭圆形声源作用时远场质点的法向位移。获得了纵波声场的指向性函数, 分析了影响纵波声场指向性的因素, 并进行了实验验证。利用功率密度低于爆轰波点燃阈值的激光烧蚀工件, 使用峰值频率为5 MHz压电探头接收纵波, 进而获得纵波声场的指向性实验数据, 结果表明, 实验数据与理论数据能够较好地进行吻合。在光斑短轴长度恒定时, 与激光垂直入射相比, 各倾斜入射角度下纵波声场的声束轴线指向均保持不变, 并且指向性图形随倾斜角度的增加而变得细窄, 纵波声场的能量也更加集中。     

相干声线跟踪理论中的周期界面迭代散射 仿真方法*

界面声反射模拟是室内复杂声学现象仿真的关键。针对传统声学仿真方法对于周期散射结构存在条件下声场仿真精度较低的问题,本文发展了一种基于迭代散射模型的室内相干声线跟踪法。此方法以经典的相干声线跟踪法为基础,将室内中常见的周期散射结构进行几何形状上的简化处理,然后依据周期散射定理给出声波在界面上的散射方向及能量,并将原始声线迭代分裂为相应的散射子声线,继续对其跟踪处理,此迭代散射模型对周期散射结构上的界面散射现象进行了准确的模拟。数值验证结果表明,本文方法可以有效地在低频段提高室内声场仿真精度,可为具有复杂散射现象的室内仿真提供新思路。     

Acoustic scattering by multiple elliptical cylinders using collocation multipole method

This paper presents the collocation multipole method for the acoustic scattering induced by multiple elliptical cylinders subjected to an incident plane sound wave. To satisfy the Helmholtz equation in the elliptical coordinate system, the scattered acoustic field is formulated in terms of angular and radial Mathieu functions which also satisfy the radiation condition at infinity. The sound-soft or sound-hard boundary condition is satisfied by uniformly collocating points on the boundaries. For the sound-hard or Neumann conditions, the normal derivative of the acoustic pressure is determined by using the appropriate directional derivative without requiring the addition theorem of Mathieu functions. By truncating the multipole expansion, a finite linear algebraic system is derived and the scattered field can then be determined according to the given incident acoustic wave. Once the total field is calculated as the sum of the incident field and the scattered field, the near field acoustic pressure along the scatterers and the far field scattering pattern can be determined. For the acoustic scattering of one elliptical cylinder, the proposed results match well with the analytical solutions. The proposed scattered fields induced by two and three elliptical–cylindrical scatterers are critically compared with those provided by the boundary element method to validate the present method. Finally, the effects of the convexity of an elliptical scatterer, the separation between scatterers and the incident wave number and angle on the acoustic scattering are investigated.     

Scattering from extended targets in range-dependent fluctuating ocean-waveguides with clutter from theory and experiments

Bistatic, long-range measurements of acoustic scattered returns from vertically extended, air-filled tubular targets were made during three distinct field experiments in fluctuating continental shelf waveguides. It is shown that Sonar Equation estimates of mean target-scattered intensity lead to large errors, differing by an order of magnitude from both the measurements and waveguide scattering theory. The use of the Ingenito scattering model is also shown to lead to significant errors in estimating mean target-scattered intensity in the field experiments because they were conducted in range-dependent ocean environments with large variations in sound speed structure over the depth of the targets, scenarios that violate basic assumptions of the Ingenito model. Green's theorem based full-field modeling that describes scattering from vertically extended tubular targets in range-dependent ocean waveguides by taking into account nonuniform sound speed structure over the target's depth extent is shown to accurately describe the statistics of the targets' scattered field in all three field experiments. Returns from the man-made targets are also shown to have a very different spectral dependence from the natural target-like clutter of the dominant fish schools observed, suggesting that judicious multi-frequency sensing may often provide a useful means of distinguishing fish from man-made targets.     

Electromagnetic scattering from two parallel 2D targets arbitrarily located in a Gaussian beam

In this paper based on the equivalence principle and the reciprocity theorem, the scattered field up to second-order by two parallel 2D targets arbitrarily located in a Gaussian beam is considered. The first-order solution can easily be obtained by calculating the scattered field from isolated targets when illuminated by a Gaussian beam. However, because of the difficulty in formulating the couple scattering field, it is almost impossible to find an analytical solution for the second-order scattered field if the shapes of 2D targets are not canonical geometries. In order to overcome this problem, in this paper, the second-order solution is derived by using the technique based on the reciprocity theorem and the equivalence principle. Meanwhile, the relation between the secondary scattered field from target #1 and target {\#}2 is obtained. Specifically, the bi- and mono-static scattering of Gaussian beam by two parallel adjacent inhomogeneous plasma-coated conducting circular cylinders is calculated and the dependence of attenuation of the scattering width on the thickness of the coated layer, electron number density, collision frequency and radar frequency is discussed in detail.     

平行柱体对平面波/高斯波束电磁散射

基于等效原理和互易性定理，研究了N个相互平行二维柱体对平面波/高斯波束的电磁散射特性，给出了求解N阶散射场公式.一阶散射可通过求解单个柱体的散射场得到，但对于高阶散射场而言，由于耦合散射的复杂性，很难给出精确的解析解.为了解决这一问题，借助等效原理和互易性定理给出了求解N阶散射场的面积分公式.只要给出柱体的i-1阶散射场及相关目标表面上的等效电流和(或)等效磁流，就可应用此公式求解i阶散射场.应用该近似方法计算了相互平行非均匀等离子体涂层导体圆柱的单/双站散射宽度，讨论了束腰半径、等离子体涂层厚度、电子密度、碰撞频率及雷达频率等对散射结果的影响.     

掩埋目标声散射特性及其实验

基于变分原理建立2D-FE弱形式解模型,针对轴对称掩埋目标进行散射远场的快速、高精度数值计算。入射波垂直于对称轴,给出:掩埋深度不变,以1°为间隔,改变掠射角所得到目标散射声压级相对于垂直海底照射获得结果的差值随频率、掠射角变化的表达式;掠射角不变,以0.1m为间隔,改变掩埋深度得到的散射声压级相对于浅掩埋条件下获得结果的差值随频率、深度变化的表达式。实验结果表明:在回波最强的正横方向,掩埋弹性目标表现出的共振散射特性与在自由场空间中具有相似性,表明了掩埋条件下目标内填充的透射和表面环绕波理论的适用性,验证了大掠射角入射得到散射声压级差值的变化规律。研究成果对宽带、高频入射声波探测更深掩埋目标提供思路。      

Diffraction of sound pulses on an elastic spherical shell submerged in an oceanic waveguide

The paper is devoted to simulating an acoustic field scattered by an elastic spherical shell placed in a waveguide with a fluid attenuating bottom. The emitted signal is a wideband pulse with a Gaussian envelope. The normal wave method is used in the frequency domain for calculating the field of a point source in a free waveguide and the shell scattering coefficients. Movement of the receiver along a vertical straight line located behind the shell makes it possible to obtain a “three-dimensional” image of the field scattered by the shell. In this representation, the horizontal axis is time; the vertical axis is the submersion depth of the receiver; the intensity shows the amplitude of the received signal. Such three-dimensional structures make it possible to analyze the dependence of the complex diffraction structure of the acoustic field on receiver depth. In the considered numerical example, a thin, elastic, spherical shell is located near the attenuating fluid bottom.     

A numerical study on the flow and sound fields of centrifugal impeller located near a wedge

Centrifugal fans are widely used and the noise generated by these machines causes one of the serious problems. In general, the centrifugal fan noise is often dominated by tones at blade passage frequency and its higher harmonics. This is a consequence of the strong interaction between the flow discharged from the impeller and the cut-off in the casing. However, only a few researches have been carried out on predicting the noise because of the difficulty in obtaining detailed information about the flow field and considering the scattering effect of the casing. The objective of this study is to understand the generation mechanism of sound and to develop a prediction method for the unsteady flow field and the acoustic pressure field of the centrifugal impeller. A discrete vortex method is used to model the centrifugal impeller and a wedge and to calculate the flow field. The force of each element on the blade is calculated by the unsteady Bernoulli equation. Lowson's method is used to predict the acoustic source. In order to consider the scattering and diffraction effects of the casing, Kirchhoff-Helmholtz boundary element method (BEM) is developed. The source of Kirchhoff-Helmholtz BEM is newly developed, so the sound field of the centrifugal fan can be obtained. A centrifugal impeller and wedge are used in the numerical calculation and the results are compared with the experimental data. Reasonable results are obtained not only for the peak frequencies but also for the amplitudes of the tonal sound. The radiated acoustic field shows the diffraction and scattering effect of the wedge.