偏振光在多层散射介质中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

基于米氏散射理论,运用斯托克斯-穆勒形式,结合子午面法和拒绝法,提出了偏振光在多层散射介质中传输的蒙特卡罗模型,并首次分析了当菲涅耳公式失效时,多层介质界面处的全反射行为.同时用该模型研究了微粒直径和介质折射率对漫反射和漫透射的影响.结果表明:无论是折射率匹配介质还是非匹配介质,当粒子浓度一致时,漫反射率都随微粒直径的增加而增加,随介质折射率的增加而减小,而漫透射率则相反.研究结果为生物组织的偏振光散射研究提供了理论验证模型.     

偏振光在多层散射介质中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟研究*

基于米氏散射理论,运用斯托克斯-穆勒形式,结合子午面法和拒绝法,提出了偏振光在多层散射介质中传输的蒙特卡罗模型,并首次分析了当菲涅耳公式失效时,多层介质界面处的全反射行为.同时用该模型研究了微粒直径和介质折射率对漫反射和漫透射的影响.结果表明：无论是折射率匹配介质还是非匹配介质,当粒子浓度一致时,漫反射率都随微粒直径的增加而增加,随介质折射率的增加而减小,而漫透射率则相反.研究结果为生物组织的偏振光散射研究提供了理论验证模型.     

基底微缺陷对介质薄膜光学性能影响的理论研究

基于非均匀膜理论提出一种存在微缺陷的介质基底的折射率分层模型，将基底依次分为表面层、亚表面层和体材料层，其中表面层和亚面层分别等效为折射率服从统计分布的非均匀膜，将它们分别再次细分为N₁和N₂个子层，每一子层均视为均匀介质 膜.应用光学薄膜特征矩阵法对其进行理论分析，并对单层介质膜的光学性能进行数值计算. 研究结果表明：基底的表面和亚表面微缺陷改变了薄膜和基底的等效折射率，导致了准Brew ster角和组合反射率与理想情形的偏离.同时这些微缺陷也改变了光在薄膜和基底中的传播 特性，因此反射相移和相位差均偏离理想情形.在研究基底的微缺陷对多层介质膜光学性能 影响的分析和计算时，该模型同样适用. 关键词： 微缺陷 介质薄膜 非均匀膜 光学性能     

电子束蒸发氧化锆薄膜的粗糙度和光散射特性

利用电子束蒸发工艺，以Ag层为衬底，沉积了中心波长为632.8nm的氧化锆(ZrO₂)薄膜，膜层厚度在80—480nm范围内变化.研究了不同厚度样品的粗糙度变化规律和表面散射特性.结果发现，随着膜层厚度的逐渐增加，其表面均方根(RMS)粗糙度和总积分散射(TIS)均呈现出先减小后增大的趋势.利用非相关表面粗糙度的散射模型对样品的TIS特性进行了理论计算，所得结果与测量结果相一致. 关键词： 氧化锆 表面粗糙度 标量散射 电子束蒸发     

多层膜体折射率弱不均匀度反演计算的近似模型及性能分析

实际应用中的薄膜或多或少存在体折射率不均匀缺陷,其准确表征对于镀膜工艺参数调校、低损耗薄膜设计与制备分析等具有影响。从Schr-der近似出发,推导了体折射率弱不均匀薄膜的膜系特征矩阵,通过特征矩阵法推广,建立了体折射率弱不均匀多层膜光谱特性计算的近似模型。利用基于有效介质理论的多层均匀膜近似方法,讨论了上述近似模型的有效性、计算精度和时间消耗特性。结果表明,上述模型矩阵计算中引入体折射不均匀度这一参数,为多层膜体折射率不均匀缺陷反演提供了一种有效的手段,为基于宽带光谱测量数据拟合的膜层缺陷数值反演应用奠定了基础。     

多层金属圆柱线中量子输运的表面和界面散射效应

考虑了量子尺寸效应以及来自杂质、粗糙表面和粗糙界面三方面的散射,运用量子统计的格林函数方法和久保公式,计算多层金属圆柱线中的各种散射电导率.计算结果表明,在杂质、表面和界面的弱散射极限下,系统总电导率等于各个子能级通道的电导率之和,而各子能级通道中杂质、表面和界面产生的散射率是可相加的. 关键词：     

银薄膜对光学基底表面粗糙度及光散射的影响

为了研究金属银薄膜与光学基底表面粗糙度和光散射的关系,提出了通过对光学薄膜矢量散射公式积分来获得界面粗糙度完全相关模型和完全非相关模型下其表面的总反射散射的方法．理论计算了光学基底上两种模型在不同厚度银膜下的总反射散射和双向反射分布函数．结果表明,当沉积在光学基底上的银薄膜的厚度大于80nm后．两种模型下计算的银薄膜的表面总反射散射都等于基底的总积分散射,银薄膜能较好地复现出基底的粗糙度轮廓．实验研究表明为了复现基底的粗糙度,银薄膜的最佳厚度应在80～160nm之间．     

银薄膜对光学基底表面粗糙度及光散射的影响

为了研究金属银薄膜与光学基底表面粗糙度和光散射的关系,提出了通过对光学薄膜矢量散射公式积分来获得界面粗糙度完全相关模型和完全非相关模型下其表面的总反射散射的方法.理论计算了光学基底上两种模型在不同厚度银膜下的总反射散射和双向反射分布函数.结果表明,当沉积在光学基底上的银薄膜的厚度大于80 nm后,两种模型下计算的银薄膜的表面总反射散射都等于基底的总积分散射,银薄膜能较好地复现出基底的粗糙度轮廓.实验研究表明为了复现基底的粗糙度,银薄膜的最佳厚度应在80~160 nm之间.     

光学薄膜界面互相关特性的确定

本文实验测量了光学薄膜的散射波场分布,根据多层光学薄膜的矢量散射理论,确定了膜层界面的互相关特性.当空间频率较低时,对于膜层层数较少的膜系,膜堆内的各界面是完全相关的;若空间频率较高,则逐渐趋于部分相关模型.实验指出,膜层界面的互相关特性亦与所采用的蒸发技术有关.     

非均匀介质红外辐射传输模型

本文建立镜反射不透明表面下,非均匀光学物性纯吸收性介质内的红外辐射传输模型.红外辐射在折射率连续变化的介质内沿曲线传输.将非均匀介质沿厚度方向离散成n个物性均匀的等温微层,每个微层内辐射沿直线传播,光滑曲线传输路径即离散成首尾相连的折线系列.采用多层辐射传输模型,利用射线踪迹法建立非均匀介质内的红外辐射传输模型.在多层模型中,相邻两微层间的界面引入折射/全反射判据,避免了界面处的积分奇异现象和原本不存在的界面反射现象.     

高光洁度玻璃基片的表面散射和体散射测量

 提出了一种利用总积分散射（TIS）测量K9玻璃基片表面散射和体散射的实验方法。首先采用磁控溅射技术在基片表面沉积厚度为几十nm的金属Ag薄膜，然后将基片的表面和体区分开考虑，通过TIS测得了基片上下表面的均方根粗糙度， 进而求得基片的总散射和表面散射，最后计算得到了体散射。分别利用TIS和原子力显微镜（AFM）测量了3个样品上表面所镀Ag膜的均方根粗糙度，两种方法所得的均方根粗糙度的数值相差不明显，差值分别为0.08，0.11和0.09 nm, 表明TIS和AFM的测量结果相一致。利用该方法测得3块K9玻璃基片的总散射分别为6.06×10^-4，5.84×10^-4和6.48×10^-4，表面散射介于1.25×10^-4~1.56×10^-4之间，由此计算得到的体散射分别为3.10×10^-4，3.30×10^-4和3.61×10^-4。     

Surface roughness investigation of semi-conductor wafers

Conventionally, surface roughness is predominantly determined through the use of stylus instruments. However, there are certain limitations involved in the method, particularly when a test specimen, such as a silicon wafer, has a smooth mirror-like surface. Hence, it is necessary to explore alternative non-contact techniques. Light scattering has recently been gaining popularity as an optical technique to provide prompt and precise inspection of surface roughness. In this paper, the total integrated scattering (TIS) model is modified to retrieve parameters on surface micro-topography through light scattering. The applicability of the proposed modified TIS model is studied and compared with an atomic force microscope. Experimental results obtained show that the proposed technique is highly accurate for measuring surface roughness in the nanometer range.     

Metal‐nanoparticle‐coating‐induced enhancement and weakening of resonant Raman scattering in ZnO: effect of surface electric field

Effects of Ag and Ti nanoparticle coatings on resonant Raman scattering in various ZnO thin films are presented. The longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, irrespective of the ZnO quality, exhibit an enhancement and a weakening by the Ag and Ti nanoparticle coatings, respectively. The enhancement (weakening) is always accompanied by a reduced (an increased) intensity ratio of the second to first‐order LO phonons, which can be associated with changes in the electron‐phonon coupling strength in the probed area of ZnO. Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides evidence for the bending of the surface energy bands and their changes induced by the metal coatings. The effect of metal nanoparticle coatings on the Raman scattering of ZnO is thus attributed to the changes in the surface electric field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑地表反射类型的气溶胶散射偏振特性

采用逐次阶散射法求解矢量辐射传输方程来研究气溶胶在不同地表反射模型下的散射偏振特性.首先,选取单一地表反射模型和耦合地表反射模型两种地表反射模型.然后,根据地表反射模型计算得到相应的地表反射率,进而采用逐次阶散射法对矢量辐射传输方程进行求解,得到散射光的Stokes矢量.最后,由Stokes矢量计算得出散射光的偏振度.仿真结果表明,两种地表反射模型下气溶胶单次散射的散射辐射强度和线偏振度均相等;耦合地表反射模型的总散射辐射强度和线偏振度总是大于单一地表反射模型;单一地表反射模型的气溶胶单次散射相对总散射的贡献总是大于耦合地表反射模型.研究结果对气溶胶光学特性的反演具有一定意义.     

Electromagnetic scattering from two-layered rough interfaces with a PEC object: vertical polarization

Electromagnetic(EM) scattering from a stack of two rough interfaces separating a homogeneous medium with a perfectly electric conducting(PEC) object has been calculated through the method of moments for vertical polarization.Theoretical formulations of EM scattering from multi-layered rough interfaces with a PEC object have been derived in detail and the total fields and their normal derivatives on the rough interfaces are solved.The two-layered model is a special case.In this work,a Gaussian rough surface was applied to simulate the rough interface.A cylinder was located above,between or below the two-layered rough interfaces.Through numerical simulations,the validity of this work is demonstrated by comparing it with existing scattering models,which are special cases that include a PEC object located above/below a single-layered rough interface and two-layered rough interfaces without an object.Subsequently,the influences of characteristic parameters,such as the relative permittivity of the medium,as well as the average height between the two rough surfaces,on the bistatic scattering coefficient are discussed.     

Application of a multiregion model to the EM scattering from a rough surface with or without a target above it

An efficient multiregion model is introduced to calculate the electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly electrical conducting(PEC) rough surface with or without a PEC target above it.In the multiregion model,the rough surface is split into multiple regions depending on their position along the rough surface.Two intermediate regions are chosen as the dominant region.If a target is located above the rough surface,the target will also be included in the dominant region.The method of moments(MOM) is only adopted on the dominant region to ensure validity.Hence,the new model can greatly reduce the number of unknowns associated with full MOM analysis.The induced electric currents on the other regions are obtained by approximately considering the mutual coupling between different regions along the rough surface.Compared with the published hybrid method,this new model is not only suitable for EM scattering from a target above a rough surface but also applicable for just rough surfaces.Several numerical simulations are presented to show the validity and efficiency of the multiregion model.     

激光反射镜的散射损耗分析与设计

在激光反射镜的光学损耗里,表面散射损耗(SSL)对高精密的激光仪器性能和实验影响尤甚,有时是致命的。本文根据光学膜系散射和吸收理论分析了反射镜膜系的SSL与吸收损耗,反射率以及膜系特点、材料之间的关系和矛盾,利用光场在膜系中的合理分配方法,设计了一种旨在减小SSL的新型激光反射镜膜系。设计结果表明,在相同设计下,用La₂O₅/SiO₂和ZnS/MgF₂构成的新的组合膜系的激光反射镜与通常的ZnS/MgF₂膜系的激光反射镜比较,SSL的减小达到了设计要求,而且使激光反射镜中另一主要损耗——体积损耗(VL)减小更多,其它的一些性能也得到了改善。采用此新型膜系可望做出总损耗小于0.1%,反射率在99.9%以上的低表面散射损耗的高质量激光反射镜,它对激光技术的发展与应用有着重要的意义。     

An angular cutoff composite model for investigation on electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional rough sea surfaces

Based on the local configuration angle division to select the corresponding method for electromagnetic scattering calculation from rough sea surface,this paper presents an angular cutoff composite model:when the local scattered angle is in the specular region that is given by an approximately 20 degrees cone around the specular direction,the Kirchhoff approximation is applied to evaluate the specular reflection,which dominates the total scattering in this region;the small perturbation method is employed to handle the diffuse reflection which is predominant as the local scattered angle is situated out of the specular region.Numerical results are compared with those of experimental and theoretical models in several configurations as a function of incident angle,wind speed,wind direction.The comparison of numerical results of other experimental and theoretical models in several configurations shows that the new composite model is robust to give accurate numerical evaluations for the sea surface scattering.     

伪装涂层材料的二向偏振散射研究

目标的偏振散射特征研究是偏振遥感应用的基础。在不同的条件下测量了伪装涂层的偏振参数,研究了入射角、观测方位角对涂层偏振散射特征的影响。研究发现,伪装涂层的面散射会产生较大的偏振度,而体散射具有消偏振效应;深色涂层因为面散射起主要作用而具有较大的偏振度;涂层散射光的偏振度与入射角成正比,在观测方位角接近镜面反射方向时最大,随着方位角的增加而迅速减小;草地的偏振度很小,与伪装涂层形成鲜明对比。利用偏振遥感可以有效地识别草地背景中的伪装目标,偏振测量在遥感和目标识别方面具有重要意义。